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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
# o: O9 n# t+ S  o; Z) U9 rBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
& [3 p) \2 f, P7 U, v4 {Exposure to Testosterone
; e# Z+ ^* V+ ]6 `* |6 lSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 m6 P0 B* @, ?' ]9 i, V6 A) Tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) M, k- z0 n/ G8 x( hClinical Pediatrics
) V4 l/ l( s! G! t$ @6 z0 p' ^Volume 46 Number 6" T, U9 {4 f: g9 t8 ]
July 2007 540-543
8 @$ D# n  B2 o( A" O6 k© 2007 Sage Publications
+ v  \( I' W# s' Z' P7 K10.1177/0009922806296651
; S, D0 Z* K2 _( ~" u" O2 yhttp://clp.sagepub.com
/ y) k; N6 r; v( m# mhosted at
* H. }1 c  M9 V/ t/ {- T! E: Chttp://online.sagepub.com( `! \* o6 E. J9 u1 z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
: K* u' D) V9 P% \- w) f( lis a significant concern for physicians. Central% l1 I8 T) u1 i: x
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated3 X4 y+ d- `/ C" I2 v9 Y- X
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- g. a7 w0 W& J- j2 h2 O3 Y+ g4 \8 l" s
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system& {) B; [$ G9 y& Z" Q4 U( x
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested% m2 P# v) V6 j  F1 B
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# I0 |" a! e8 ~( ~& H% ?5 ?2 [
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 b. E4 ^* Y1 O* Qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; G. r4 u* {' s  a5 c7 X2 ^
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
# @0 h/ ~- _) t8 H* P8 \# V: Kenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 |' {3 U2 m0 z$ s. }+ r# T: U
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; A+ Z1 x! Z7 o7 r
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by- F: L7 K9 s  o% j1 o5 c
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 ?0 A" m  B: y- C( ~+ A0 Smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* Z7 D* g# |' U  _* C; ^
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of- c6 }9 N  q5 E( h2 H
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 {8 \, O" x# R' U& D+ l6 w
bly more common than the rare case report in the; t3 z/ u6 H& d6 w0 P
literature.43 R5 @, F/ L  b
Patient Report
4 b; B0 z  s/ e5 jA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
: m1 L( Y. E7 m  G; T6 @: r2 Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern0 _5 X% t. q, A. j" v
of early sexual development. His mother noticed4 f4 u) _+ v1 k$ l! G
light colored pubic hair development when he was7 P8 c7 w# T2 R7 |# q
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# r9 b/ K% F. z% k
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 Y4 c' P8 q9 W8 D2 B" mAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 t+ G' G1 Z8 x9 i/ KProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
' S8 B% g; H9 u, {' jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;# o* H$ n; {+ v4 G2 m
e-mail: [email protected].
! Z( m8 K; M* n# dabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 \) [6 g7 E& }6 @. H: b
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) e0 b3 Y* L5 d0 j: r6 w9 v; k) U9 ament of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ ^8 W0 P6 Q$ i/ o+ O; U7 Y. s
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) `) Z0 D* _; A- m7 ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ {5 `6 P) z' I6 ?0 e" @+ D) e
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 |$ p; y- H# j( ^. v. R# }
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with2 G9 g/ s- }% S& q
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  v5 i3 E! [* D2 G+ z, S. Yand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, F) B, ~7 l: ~was age appropriate.
/ W1 i: S% y  cThe family history was remarkable for the father,
+ B3 q( R& R  D" K! @4 Q' Mwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; A& e! [0 {( Hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 j0 O+ ^" l9 p8 D8 L0 w( \. s5 w
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( h! J# E! W3 [+ C+ qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! Z/ w/ o- _4 {/ yThe father denied taking any other medication. The: [+ y3 k4 u4 T! Q4 F. {! A; S! \
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% N" k! i0 K2 ]  H6 Twas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet  o+ Y/ G9 d2 y7 k; |
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
' z/ ?' S0 I" g" ?. Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 _3 V& L# C( t. Otives. There were no siblings." R% r; e- `3 q
Physical Examination
5 K4 k; E# A" {9 B* rThe physical examination revealed a very active,
0 Q$ a9 b0 h, d6 |( N) cplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" P1 {* V! g+ P$ A  N, ka blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, n/ [5 ^. U/ N% g1 `1 T1 Z
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" l2 Y7 X& E) w" N) ~; \0 ]/ ~+ I(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% R+ U) b1 {) _
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# Y, z. D8 {5 c4 p/ L' U/ i. w
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
( Q0 z$ ^% G3 JThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ V% I# D2 h; K/ {8 B. s  ]
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 C9 t: Z7 a! X1 i! c! f8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 f1 r: V9 t0 ]3 r
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ q5 b- c& x4 a3 g
540) S; M9 [& l( y6 }$ f. ~: ~( q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, S! J8 {& n9 `* t9 Y7 q' Q) z- xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 ^  t2 B: Y5 `: p) P' [$ v$ W
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
8 X- I7 t( K5 x6 f; x7 |3 \& _) MThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: c/ \$ }" N# e. ?8 `+ J
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' \; j0 ?8 q$ G# {" Y3 H) r3 h
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
  J6 d5 d+ u5 t4 E6 ]( t) c# PNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
- J7 K. k+ Y0 H; z! x1 p$ V  ^" b7 N6 Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  s' A- V, i+ ]' ~; ~6 Zof papilledema.! V4 y+ P9 w# \: e
Laboratory Evaluation' T* g5 T6 }5 W. \6 i2 R; P) l
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% l! q% M0 R* Ousing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 X: [4 i, W/ Dlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 C3 i$ @$ Q: n- t# ^# v8 V# |8 U
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 A  i) J# a: e. C/ I( t- Zshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 R  A; L1 ^; G; w9 g' G' @
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ p4 ^$ o$ A; y) }$ A6 T5 lThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% @8 X; @8 i9 g
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 Y8 _1 h7 V3 l# y5 w3 c& Awithin normal range for his age. The concentration1 z( N  `' R! U) F0 h8 g
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL1 O6 i3 ~' L* h! M% u+ t; x
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 J  c# O4 z: u% e
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-1 Z1 d- }. Q, }: w; p8 U  q* b
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 o; [5 K8 k% P9 J" s0 i& x8 U
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 }+ A- L1 J8 q1 x4 T  P& X* i49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): G9 X/ ^- Y3 R  K3 F( X
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. h* x% j4 L- h6 Q5 z& jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total' _0 P* U+ Q* ~0 E
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
& B" }7 q( `) |7 g: N9 M* Uand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ G% e# I* H8 S' Q0 A
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& U& k. v3 I" _+ Q8 n5 S- x: lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ o( D# V+ |; W- P1 _concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! }* ]5 X+ E. l
(prepubertal).- a- q# H) B, D- W
The parents were notified about the laboratory
  T. P- {5 a4 K9 X% q4 mresults and were informed that all of the tests were
& W( n' ^# \7 E1 ^normal except the testosterone level was high. The0 R! H! b& s$ {* [8 G3 ^
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 Y/ N. c+ _6 o# C5 Q- }+ H, o
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. j8 @- u3 F8 k4 e7 C2 B
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.' i& O1 N. F3 H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
; Y8 ]- o. z+ b$ O9 u1 l/ Jchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ }9 ]& J; d$ p4 G) }7 }' _
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* }) S* d6 P) B; Dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-1 z2 a& S  e/ d! D
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 F' P) d- n! c8 v1 |; x5 Rthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 m% p+ ]& U$ V5 I- Z+ }
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. w* z* m# j9 L
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-4 S, v1 _! |/ s3 A8 s8 @
ing frequent erections.: E# c$ |1 g! S' p$ }& s8 x- |
Both parents were again questioned about use of
8 c3 I- l) i8 S8 V* f+ Eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ @$ e( H3 F6 I" u: g* C: U
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 }( j) o; v* J  uTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541( {3 U4 _! G; N! O; A) ], _
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 j  D" t: U4 A4 qing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( g. v. X) l5 I2 b4 S
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 V8 R% a6 s% \: ?# zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-# b% v8 m, i/ d' Q) p2 j! b* \
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 e9 S2 C/ L5 g" a9 \, @" B3 hsecondary to depression.* d: B7 B7 _- `/ {& p& E+ u/ x6 |
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
& h) _' K* v9 R* ^$ l/ m6 UThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ O2 h/ D. ?6 V& n# u) ychest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
+ S. I& {$ T, ^* W1 I: @# G6 g; n6 pnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
/ @- z5 f+ ~: i; w. ~The father also admitted that after the phone call,
! F4 @* l  D7 g" |6 W0 A/ a. qwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% G5 J/ L  A3 z" u8 s: Jwas high, he then read the product information  P  q& o% O7 V  v8 z
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-: \/ ^: ^1 ~" r. M7 H" e& ?
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 w3 b0 o4 \+ T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! H. i# f! N( a3 _/ Y) i  _. r# gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had( ]) G! H. o% F. m% A: s
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone8 J6 d  {: h% y4 G& g
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the3 K& q1 s. b0 L  E" n8 \
laboratory to obtain the test.
/ Q+ c4 `( v& y* O) qDiscussion& z/ [, A; I3 |0 N# t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary$ M" a( W- v7 b/ F  S  Z
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 f0 h" a/ }2 m8 F$ QPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 a. N: y/ _4 Lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-- }( h' m: h1 _# O# v3 c* q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 o1 l* y2 S- v5 N
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
' d. S2 X7 P/ Z+ bmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 b2 \$ a' a4 m8 _# z. w; e. g' \responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-$ i3 D; A  E% k! M) U0 ^
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 F3 a% k! c; F$ \9 w
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 f* r. `! D- `
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 h8 u2 E; R4 ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
3 P3 N$ l8 q$ Mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
2 j% d* U) G) K5 R$ ?/ U5 rgonadotropins.1,3
: }- `( G8 K$ H! ]' dGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' ]9 U: p. K. w* Scious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ W: l) R; W# h* C  R, L! G
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or, j5 s6 ^  G, H" ?
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ M+ X# `" v( I+ A! v7 A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
5 Z4 q3 {8 h& W  D! Scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; y5 |$ e6 j" j$ b7 L. n
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  p: |% U& Y! Y2 o; cpuberty in boys.3,47 e+ P- I. t  h5 h4 E) @- [( ]
The most common form of congenital adrenal) ^+ `# {; Q# I
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; d' i$ Y; |0 p, U/ v7 a8 q/ yThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 r; U! o+ j; B1 L( o' S& lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; o. A# }1 ~' o
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) S& Q1 a. o! b9 z
excess.1,3
5 U" a. x7 Y) x! z5 \) Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 s9 _3 R! D; q6 P542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# J2 ]( U, O3 s2 b! c
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-. A) l$ A9 ^$ c& v5 ^# d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 |- G. P  r7 e' Nas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a3 h; _8 Z( X# e
very young age. The physical findings in these boys5 Y" P' K9 H$ t" u6 y
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
, P* j5 n: j: S- J1 b; S! g' h( B) bincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( b9 v: [. Q7 q
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# _0 V# {0 ?; O; ?8 c: g) w- v
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) |% D4 e, C- b# O3 F# \3 Q, V
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; n' G2 K3 m$ N, B- h+ c
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' i  B2 S1 B& j) {7 z" vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only3 G5 J# j8 f  N! J9 x5 F$ T
males; therefore, other male members of the family  @6 u3 \" S9 \- R+ L/ F  p
may have similar precocious puberty.3' t* o% J9 }& q! v) I. H
In our patient, physical examination was incon-8 {  V* i! x: f, s& s5 Q0 `
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 ]- E0 b% H- M' @" ^, \cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- ^9 M7 t9 k/ N2 q1 ^8 `3 j) d/ |7 Cwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 K! F( M  Q0 d: D) }; Mstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
; i% r/ M. G% ~# Y! q3 C$ Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
$ N- g/ r9 B9 O1 j  ~9 [- {beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-8 z1 k3 Y" F  `$ Q" I
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
% f; o( ~( s! q9 ^; abiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 q; l, U2 x) ]' S# q; O( t
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% v1 ^1 q. o; C' L( d. v
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
) l( v2 |1 z: A4 cing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' B' S" G" H* _; ?* FThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly; d3 g9 i) V. c1 M* o- r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' t; G  p6 C' c# Ithe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 s8 y! S# p8 a
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 _( p" H( w6 T# g1 S+ D! q" Q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' [$ ?& C2 e1 Z( i- [terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 k& a  I% S. w8 u
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
' [/ `, {1 Y" s9 ADesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or8 S- w+ r/ G6 m: B
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
' ~4 R  p8 U6 P( N/ Kunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ p- l1 t1 r& n% @& x" q* k! zSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 @( F0 u" w; ^2 y; bbaseline value in those females who were exposed to( D. o+ Q" k, {, w
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 E  R$ m" q8 m+ t; J% Qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; j- K$ n0 a; Ttion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.1 ?+ u- F3 P! e
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: L6 I# j; v- _) q7 ?
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that5 ?* h& A( u' Y/ D
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
/ l( u' T+ k- e# c/ Zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
6 I5 y1 N. q0 \2 xactive in young children exposed to testosterone
7 Q" A# ?5 D9 ^3 G$ x& {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' {0 ]8 l- T* V9 q; |
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# z9 ?$ t% }% J0 J- k, l' lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in. P1 Z9 ?8 p8 a: a9 r+ D$ M
children results in an increase in growth velocity and4 A. j/ L+ ~. Q: X" x! Q: _
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) W8 d1 B% j& c& y/ e& n! HThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during! a6 @7 Z; n& z; u  h
early childhood on pubertal development and final6 V1 T8 a$ }2 x
adult height are not fully known and always remain* D5 O: N+ |: i! l. v$ L
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  i" ]" |& y7 a# g9 `8 [- o# pterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( e( z2 ]1 W+ o% w6 S# g
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after3 _: O  R  ~: `  Z( w' Y8 b1 Q4 h
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* c6 l& B0 {* k  o' }decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  y2 T* c# r9 B" E4 y7 XThere are conflicting reports and controversy
2 T; }1 F9 B; w% G# wover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: B  N/ H+ x1 ]. ?! L5 B
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 u) a; v  P2 x( @) S2 B
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" u& W) M# v; D, J8 L3 E# kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
% n3 N) p# ^+ `: [! w3 p6 HSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 w. _4 x6 f0 p, q3 t9 T. N
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( B% R" x$ _0 rpenile length in clinical studies.
( s# W8 S0 _; U, [/ y9 u2 s& ^2 TNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 I: `& m$ Q. \9 {0 Ygoing to experience any of the untoward effects from) v( ^3 `! j) V) E% c; t
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. L/ l  A5 A% `" B( S7 V2 kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: M" G2 B& u* \0 v0 q% xAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of0 t* l0 ]" b! e9 y
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 j; Z! F3 Y2 g3 ?9 Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult6 s( O! h. t5 O9 a" ^+ P( N0 ]
height will not be affected.# g9 `( g8 r  H3 v
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-- z4 Z# p4 E+ E0 k
ability of androgen products in our society may
, e7 g& S$ J0 S& z1 G$ L- M- A# Nindeed cause more virilization in male or female
' c$ ^/ X: u8 M3 L! {. jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-! W1 L/ |+ ]( y" A) O
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 M% n5 k6 [& l. Ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or
6 e9 G( U+ D# b' @* A, |0 ggel should be asked of the family members during  f+ R4 R( F" z. H3 D/ O
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-; P% H" m$ Y* d' K
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 c' e; d( V* wnosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 @9 c3 F+ ^* X, X" V5 A1 z$ \
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- B/ Z3 Y; _: z$ khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may; L6 c$ M  B8 ?
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 j3 _( o' |1 _: H9 L2 z+ d4 |" Vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
- T. E) D6 A5 W: S! p  c; J% Paware of this fact, because most of these children
% v6 c3 u8 V* t# g2 E! Fmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 Z: @2 k" I( g( p$ H! z: eDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
% @8 V& L* A& u6 S, gwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or% u  B' m7 u( [0 ?9 z) `: N* @# F
female child who might come in contact with some-
( z4 t3 j, @1 V4 eone using any of these products.
" {2 V! l( S5 J4 iReferences2 n: |( _3 m! U$ e' e, _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- b9 U+ ^; I0 m& b- R6 |/ A. }and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 j( [/ O8 Q$ T6 v" aEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
+ w( F+ S: _7 {# _& C: {- X) y' t2002: 565-628.: R# b4 {' l8 E4 D/ M. _
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 B$ s' e$ v7 @. n7 Q' V5 _. G
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old7 {* d# |/ P7 Z! n
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
( p8 n9 a1 d9 R* s  bExposure to Testosterone. D6 y+ A. y7 X; s2 X
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ m/ m1 R: X1 q' y) f0 K
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, _' ^6 [% V1 M! U/ S7 [  [Clinical Pediatrics. v; b2 H' z! ~: R, M
Volume 46 Number 6
. P9 K$ x3 I2 C3 Q0 NJuly 2007 540-543- Q9 T8 C0 ^0 v4 G; i
© 2007 Sage Publications! K- f( E( e  _7 D9 i
10.1177/0009922806296651( K; L$ |/ B- u+ n9 A+ e' y/ u& f, n
http://clp.sagepub.com$ x% H3 M2 Y' R2 A9 g: n; l
hosted at
( m. P: x1 x) q" e  s: Mhttp://online.sagepub.com
# U5 \/ j5 |: n. S/ uPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% t2 c  P7 _- {' @7 q" F; Ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
, |# _( L# Q7 v$ r3 U! |% Jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( k6 _3 @  i3 o" c8 G$ bthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has% [1 O" ]4 e% H) Q5 B
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 ^* w1 f, }3 z5 r8 y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested6 v0 \5 C" {$ |2 ~6 s
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 n* f' y) L( v7 p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-7 i& k5 T# P8 b
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; }5 x0 ]7 w9 c- B: d- b5 ]! ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' [( H4 p  c! n, F' _3 j3 X
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: l7 E2 e( V+ y4 u9 w# Bment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 U- w, b# u6 @" V( [2 Eto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
' S7 m& j0 ~" u+ o. ~0 k  |the father. The family initially concealed this infor-8 n! T+ c9 K+ z8 J
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this4 r  E6 V1 W- A& q/ N6 ~! Z
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 \' B# k( j; N  d, k( jtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-5 ^: o8 _) i9 g; K9 G; G1 a
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 [9 |; c: o, ~5 I; H2 \literature.4
& C5 M: l+ [( bPatient Report2 U# K) d, [5 v( P6 A  z7 {% I$ w
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* s* _/ \# x; U2 h2 [- V& i  Pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 W3 P, K# w8 z* Y! S( I# ?* Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed- y, N8 F  u3 I" \& u& E- v
light colored pubic hair development when he was
5 O2 }5 `9 V! ~/ EFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" N) j# M3 }& `' k1 qSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  z; F4 c, l$ J0 N5 w' y7 HAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  e' Y; H4 H* M4 G- A- p1 H) w
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# {$ B/ p1 E6 w3 c1 i+ dMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! H* w: k6 C' C2 C
e-mail: [email protected].  H$ _/ k5 c7 f8 M9 w- X
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 M& r/ C6 Q% b; ~+ a- _# ?3 xdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( `* [( k& y8 \* ^6 A5 N% {6 M/ k2 lment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
5 P; |. a- F; Owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with% j. k, a6 P3 F- t0 C! @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
- S9 d* c9 {. h1 C20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ Y0 D9 b5 m  X' V( @: d0 g/ bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
' v8 }" l0 |  j4 U0 e) w5 Esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 q9 p+ C$ P8 T* J
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 Q# ~2 Q# T8 Z; f% }6 }was age appropriate.
. y) ]5 y: O( |/ |4 l4 FThe family history was remarkable for the father,3 y; v& Y, V" V
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& `( p$ x! t. H' b1 Q6 x  L
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  r3 Q/ Y" c' ^/ f  g/ F1 x4 y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat/ V( X# W$ d" ]* s+ C2 B- S3 J: h! V
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
+ W% M: Q# L! p% N# }" x- gThe father denied taking any other medication. The
  B/ n" B% q$ d# z* S/ Y9 W0 N8 ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 s& i# N. v4 m, q# C" X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: \* y8 g$ M9 ]6 l
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 j2 R3 |( h3 k; N+ Scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ k) t2 A7 h" D; E% F0 M2 R
tives. There were no siblings.0 T0 ?/ p' |1 r" V3 {! z
Physical Examination+ @) u% l) }' c/ W% N. I7 s# Q
The physical examination revealed a very active,6 e7 |+ H, r+ T3 _: M4 w* \0 B9 Z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" r) b- m$ q* c2 ra blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 w# u, @/ n5 B: o' `; \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 ~- z9 r# s7 e4 O* y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth$ }& ]" O* S! E9 U7 G4 J0 L
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" V% x7 Y& K) B& Ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.* v  |2 m2 X* B( ~4 }, q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# M# }  \" A  C: A: ~enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 O. J) Y: ^1 D4 K4 O5 A2 B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 k8 b$ F  g$ i! a: U- V, @" e
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around+ Q; Q9 a" x3 J% f% Q+ `; e2 w# g" P
540
" x$ a% O8 |: i* |0 z' p& j; R0 Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' T1 l! X' F2 \8 fthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The9 k; Z; u+ h$ Q" {7 t
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.7 B/ h8 g1 W# D" X; i) T, f6 p
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
  D0 P* O8 g, B. goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 W, U+ E* d' m
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
* {  i% U0 e1 U5 C1 R" N  ~. g% f& xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 _* M3 A+ s. f8 a. h. x( D
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: W, E: ~/ w% R* Y' k/ }8 q+ R* \of papilledema.  P& H. Z0 @" R* c( `0 s3 Q0 ^
Laboratory Evaluation
7 U& q) [9 r) K8 ]5 I3 CThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ Z% {9 p: f  z- F5 pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 K6 `# Q  z6 H5 M4 k, }6 T
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
4 G- |% I3 c4 w( v# p# h7 lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 R7 P; P% K0 {5 F) Eshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; g, K+ @% V, G% b3 xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
  h. i4 d3 _. X% pThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood0 N3 U  {% g7 D+ x6 l7 m5 s
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were  s( M" u) O6 T
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% F- Z7 |- f1 Sof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& \8 ~9 y+ P5 X" S7 ?: M(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 B+ u9 Q8 d6 D- l8 O7 A9 W7 B9 Cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-1 E' j# l, Y. V) B. K
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# I2 ]7 G; u' \* d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' S8 e4 o9 v4 X" }. ^( Q" {49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
0 D1 A. g7 l: F) [/ Q$ q6 u3 x5 b$ ~# Xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- t# |) {, P+ h2 B, i$ d: e
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( `5 K* a& k' c) q2 Otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' s& |- C: j' j& x1 Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: ~0 L. W  T: I9 D) l: p
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# Y& I7 h8 }7 Z6 h/ a, Y6 D4 I2 Zstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ c/ m0 z! r! a0 g, x* Qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, i+ R: f2 H7 H+ F4 N/ W; p' o8 y. o(prepubertal).5 ^7 J2 M( D- a8 G3 q
The parents were notified about the laboratory, k5 B" f9 N2 K: F7 Z0 y
results and were informed that all of the tests were# ~# Y+ t* o2 M
normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ j. q1 X& E1 T: [8 C, B
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 S  S% x+ I( p! f( z, Q: `obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! y; s# r' Z% c& k1 n/ cever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 ]# U3 @9 ^: D$ u/ I9 S1 mPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
! y4 J( G' Z: Z. b, {child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& q2 S4 M6 h( g6 v  }2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained+ D% ^% b5 z, |+ Y# |: v
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* B0 j6 i& y% x  s4 X* n7 k9 B/ G
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* ?1 o& `! b$ U, y& S5 D4 I
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
0 z* i* z. Z  ^+ B$ K- g" hmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% w% k/ r0 C1 r' b; x
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. c+ `6 W6 L" C# Ming frequent erections.
, M, `( v4 Z. V' u: xBoth parents were again questioned about use of0 I, z2 Q% R9 B8 J/ a; S: c7 M
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 V% R0 T: x) d9 w+ y" Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( L, l. n  G" a1 W. f
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# Z" ^0 ?7 W; W9 w- A! G2 [. wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-2 q- C; Q6 x- B8 `, Y( j& ]
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 s: S$ I% E4 }
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 N9 R' m3 r$ S$ V9 e
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 l$ u$ _& g- ]% ?& ?/ n6 d4 G) Nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) L& b& Q* H) e- S, c* @, v
secondary to depression.
& c" j" @1 u( r9 ^! I- GThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ k, C" V4 @5 k, K  y) kThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
1 i( V3 F4 B2 j* [2 {; |chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-2 `& @- l9 w& n" D
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 m1 p# N( r2 [, _
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
% V0 p0 e8 R1 H: w% {% Iwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 ~( H3 I0 R$ h( wwas high, he then read the product information
. B) F+ T/ g* opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 W, M2 a, w0 k8 c' V- u1 sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
" _- e5 ]8 k4 P2 sdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 r' i$ W4 n8 P' ofather was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ _4 V% ?" j2 z! S* b3 V, c% k
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
" j1 V! @. r5 q; y7 o5 Ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! d  M5 E9 Q& S- plaboratory to obtain the test.
5 V6 ~$ h; o3 t+ I/ ~Discussion/ b- j2 @4 ~4 r0 D9 Q) {# k
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 ~) y" v- A  asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ ?" X0 l3 S0 d" T, {Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) ^0 L; j6 @0 Y; e0 A/ q. @5 X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ G9 D* {: c9 _8 Fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 W; d/ B* y* F+ J
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. t- J. f( f, D+ i% h& Wmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 u; a- M! o% S/ C! i! _' I& v; @responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! n& N) M5 H  @amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
* H; Z: ^2 c$ D; Ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in! _9 Y- J1 N* ?- P4 ]
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
& q; n0 y0 z3 Y6 ]0 g. Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- U1 w. X' O9 q6 ]rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; a9 R7 t, ]/ W) p3 ^+ K- `+ Q3 {
gonadotropins.1,3' N8 h/ L! W) q8 c; u, p
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-! N) m# c* f* }8 A- Q  j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate1 r$ }7 ]) C9 m9 J. ~) ]
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
2 a6 ]) t8 P$ Bexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-, O. D/ R! t* e, l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# h! ]/ g+ t1 N- Dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- a/ i( ~$ c) x& f0 X9 Jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 _( M1 G; _5 Y6 z7 \puberty in boys.3,4
* b. u6 |1 Y1 Q7 ^' wThe most common form of congenital adrenal: G* r: R  D! X$ Q5 u5 S! @- R3 w
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.  j& D1 |- k, |' d
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
: y5 l1 \+ t% c: yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ C5 d0 ^6 Y) l8 A: Nan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
; n3 H& B/ T/ Z4 Z* l: Sexcess.1,3
$ ^* c2 v- z" I8 {! w* z' uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  G7 p9 z+ n/ v" ?1 ?, J
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 I1 c$ {6 |2 W8 |2 W7 y
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
, Z0 [% [: c8 |% w: A  F# Sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known5 b. f* z. m7 _1 D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a* Z* w: g* E. p! X3 q
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
' N8 I* e" T* _7 f. m; Iwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ P- K, l8 c$ f1 d/ eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* I: }' r% p  Y! Z7 T8 O) }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 c. ?& p1 [9 ?are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show7 E# b% f* W9 a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: Y" ~7 p5 {/ t- X  C7 p% treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# h$ F* U9 F; U* I/ v! sautosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 k* f) C% c  v( q1 \
males; therefore, other male members of the family6 D/ r7 X# u$ |& j' @/ `
may have similar precocious puberty.3! B: Q! z! v- ?- E' c) n
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 K9 [0 g9 p' k4 S# o' I8 i  S1 fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ |4 }& W4 B7 T! `( c, @" a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  z+ u$ J, f9 `  swas in the differential diagnosis because his father3 P$ m4 j" f- C& l$ p
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,- |9 f) b+ H3 k6 u8 k
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the; W/ E$ j9 }0 {5 k+ K
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# M3 V' S! k1 |# ^- kative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( F+ T, O6 C: n' F* x) K. n4 [/ @biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
- `7 O/ @1 H) }/ G. o: |9 Peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 V! Y! R% b& Tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" A6 R: O4 s. A8 S# D% Eing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
9 ~( F/ |5 c, OThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 z$ m/ p$ I2 H9 Bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
3 Z5 U7 R( q% Nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 o$ A2 O2 h, P! y8 M9 X1 Rpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and  M% {8 E, l7 u$ H% Y' h
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' \8 m. N# ~/ h" n" v' V, [1 ^
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was! V( l+ Y: \0 X* ], Z8 L" a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 T; n, H+ a7 m
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or' g: J- _0 h: _3 t
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
* R" Q/ I1 R8 junprotected females through direct skin exposure.. P. @1 f- j6 F2 P% Q! v
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, E* k8 F8 p3 `. R7 |8 k9 T% q' Y8 obaseline value in those females who were exposed to$ f/ [4 [# ?2 M; r
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
0 f, E% ~* b4 }/ \2 t" e9 Fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( Q3 D; I3 v& B+ ption site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.# }8 w4 K! j" b: d- q9 z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,8 }8 ?( |5 x& a# k/ L: c4 q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! |; H; K9 T$ S, c: |dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 S1 Y  O2 I" p  qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; W, b  e. r3 b8 K9 iactive in young children exposed to testosterone# N& P0 U' M' e+ G
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
" L8 x( L1 v+ Z1 B0 t5 l1 `drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- e: u0 ~2 H5 j9 O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in8 V0 T+ Q5 h7 }, v5 c/ @: f& ~1 [! k6 {
children results in an increase in growth velocity and) |- w" s) d# M8 F
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. E$ ^% [. U9 h: j- q
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' F8 N' }& D2 P/ W( ]* I
early childhood on pubertal development and final
, I; ?0 G$ m. O3 badult height are not fully known and always remain
1 [) F3 m! N' F# |( t! n" H) sa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* f" C2 U/ U& R) X9 |6 ]# O  _
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 p1 S! G; z0 G7 |
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
# F3 h1 x/ \( w' Ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. W% l/ b+ Y! M$ ?- A. Q1 r$ ^; N0 {
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
- s/ P! a  ]" [# e( B: i( K, RThere are conflicting reports and controversy; [# T1 a& e# C) V  s/ K
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( t- }* X; ]+ |% ]3 v6 tpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
1 E  s  {: A6 O+ [& r/ b4 S% r! u& Fadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( ?( K& Y( P1 {% s  uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 }, O' g: M4 j
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
! J" }6 S1 D' U+ b7 V, {5 ^childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" M, H4 C5 `) b5 G' b( q9 ]penile length in clinical studies.
0 D. n/ o) d# q: s: A7 rNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! D- Z) q: c9 @/ V9 h# p- _5 cgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! J( ~) U- }1 ~" e2 o0 j
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- X$ b: t+ u; L, o9 P& B3 Rthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
# D) v# y9 o7 UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 w3 x' R9 _, A: ldiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) S1 E2 h% ^+ B  J1 [the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" @/ W3 P$ }' ^height will not be affected.
: [( W+ P6 `5 A$ H2 W1 yAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 s% x( N0 l8 n; P! m  v5 }ability of androgen products in our society may
% J. X9 {* l  }3 e% @) Jindeed cause more virilization in male or female0 K3 a, v( ]4 y! d2 W! r: B& ]
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 n; F2 C& L. W* z, P
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
3 x% \" e) y' h4 Y9 `tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
+ _, p! C) c! lgel should be asked of the family members during5 d7 b8 k9 |& ?  i1 h  M
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
$ c* p. ~/ U  T1 gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-, L' V8 l% V5 {0 N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
, w& |6 U2 g  Tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
; C9 Q- h2 U+ A: L* w& H- `& Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may" m8 i1 s1 k, Y$ R7 f; d9 E) y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' t# p  U6 J4 q( `' sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
& Q  V/ f! f9 N5 P5 x7 kaware of this fact, because most of these children0 `1 O/ |. @% j9 Y  N4 O  ~" c) M
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; U, U& X9 r6 p5 h, I* r: @! B
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a0 }6 p- L. N$ y. N4 t" O
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or$ u- q% d+ }! M* T% p: u: H
female child who might come in contact with some-
  Z2 i5 }6 l0 q; I5 tone using any of these products.
( {* G: |. v1 I/ V- Y, nReferences
* Q/ d. n& T* T) H. J) ?1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& ]$ W  I4 }' T9 s) r$ mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ {/ P2 V* }) ^# r( r
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: o) m: M' g. m1 \2 }" I2002: 565-628., X! q0 E. @; S. U: Y
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 k! I! T$ Z" f( w! \
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
* W+ G9 y- r7 Y# T0 x: ]
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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