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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
/ d, |# z# y8 z0 KBoy Induced by Indirect Topical& c7 W8 N& K! g: g) M
Exposure to Testosterone
/ u+ b& n2 P8 ~5 fSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: h4 E: ^! _) ]) v9 wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* p5 {& ~  D# A3 q5 n+ i# {3 c
Clinical Pediatrics
  z- X8 W1 i' [3 L8 `Volume 46 Number 6
9 u7 O. \3 o) g, m* P3 g' rJuly 2007 540-543
/ E& ?' ]% e% ?7 t. ]) C& u( H1 p© 2007 Sage Publications- Y! f& A7 \% Q2 B
10.1177/0009922806296651) t; N$ P1 s4 ]% W6 Q
http://clp.sagepub.com
, N' W! V9 {6 U. thosted at# Y5 G$ R" u1 m$ K. s
http://online.sagepub.com; t( B* F# E7 j1 v$ B( i1 Y
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ n. k/ T& m3 ~: f9 v) }: tis a significant concern for physicians. Central
* G+ V& S  |* q+ L- d6 [$ y, o: Nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
6 Y# x7 V: a0 y( ~5 I7 f' zthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; d6 o* W+ C2 C5 D2 D& K/ ]$ u# Z& @
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: m+ h. Y' Z2 H& |lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ h6 q: C$ V: q' C% E0 I# q- O9 y7 d+ f
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic/ {4 q, T% M0 A  |  }: E$ }+ ?
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) R  N3 H1 Q$ _6 {2 ^cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: L& u+ c- y: {) N; z7 |# Yreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the% Y* Q5 j; w9 c- l6 s* B
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 @/ r/ p# S& E; ~9 {" z' pment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) W: _8 Q# ^- V1 n) [to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 h" J. f/ v) X0 \% vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
# e1 m2 b1 x* B+ gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
/ H" t$ U( R5 D6 g6 k* \child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. D2 k. z7 `# s1 ntestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 _7 d5 r( R- ^* N- F6 fbly more common than the rare case report in the$ [' U$ Q2 w+ x( J. H  g
literature.49 L$ n  X7 c# ~# d! J/ t1 [
Patient Report
, I, w" k. ^6 H& H, d, ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ W2 O0 E) D7 @+ e9 x# R- x; @& `
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 m. |& d3 r: l4 f8 t  V/ E1 Lof early sexual development. His mother noticed1 N: j* {  i$ m: E+ G
light colored pubic hair development when he was
* T# w2 q! h" t8 D9 r) KFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, j; a; ~' ?+ J" ~  Y4 o0 B+ xSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.7 k$ R6 ?: N$ ~3 B
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
# }( P0 c+ r( `& `Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
2 C0 {) j, X/ P; a  f. h9 y- TMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
6 U2 B7 F$ S& ?8 F8 C4 ~6 g# T) Ue-mail: [email protected].
1 `/ d$ j$ ]% N+ j+ g. jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, x, ?: p8 z8 [/ K8 bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& ^1 t5 I# X3 f$ y7 I2 C4 O& J8 p
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 l" k) U3 H- m8 a1 J2 dwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with5 s  c4 \0 m' |2 s
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 p4 _& A" _  C( s  H- W2 h. r; k20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
: ?4 \# J" T( K0 c) s; i" b/ Kof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
( N9 @: m2 t; C% l9 ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
% e( p% Z$ w  A; |1 Oand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
0 l, N# z' S: @6 p% r5 ewas age appropriate.
) Y8 |& e# U( O; xThe family history was remarkable for the father,, g' z5 u. f, m+ G( i: t
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ Q9 e( _" E9 m- Z: u
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# ^2 X9 k0 l) h0 h# e2 r
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% B; Q  p# t* B  S4 {% V. r: yearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
$ L  s# `6 x& S  @4 G$ b) UThe father denied taking any other medication. The# c" p% W3 ?& D: \3 @
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; ^, Z( W/ s% [5 j  O& ^+ G4 lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 f4 w* v- {/ `! a0 K' h0 \+ K
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' g8 ?* o3 T2 m- E9 z) f1 t
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 I8 M: {0 R( Z3 htives. There were no siblings.! A& Y" s1 w$ Q; U' ~0 x
Physical Examination; r+ Z$ e* j: D; ]2 z# x$ L- V
The physical examination revealed a very active,' J3 c7 o+ S! q; }% L8 b
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 X' X1 O' Y+ I' M3 N6 Pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 V7 p, u+ P+ Q! A90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 W, H, a+ i2 ^1 f
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- i5 g- J$ s5 G" Pvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
) ?+ C# B9 j' D( i* E, q: Kthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ Q  E* B7 Y% Y' e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
  ^; C+ E. \6 g3 R# D9 u: E# Y" Denlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
+ s$ }* G  J& {( u# a8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well# d5 V6 a% o! i! [3 t+ |0 Z0 S$ j3 L
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around0 K8 v" m0 P& W/ e, |) I
540
9 ?' `- ], Z; e9 Wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ Z4 L  z2 g: `0 E: E* `
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The: V& Z& v$ I- X3 g
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.8 v# x* _' t) R. M
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, f3 X4 T6 J& W7 a. N0 f, ^
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 ~2 Z7 }0 ^9 J5 xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ v- D% l0 a2 o, \. W
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 l. m1 {& G$ m* k6 A0 t" g' l# Ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
5 t9 ^" O. O2 s6 b- K3 d+ Rof papilledema.
( `+ Z% p' R% k9 t% K" i( P5 CLaboratory Evaluation# D; j$ E$ j% Z; Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' i6 b3 @/ c7 j+ Zusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
/ ?+ \! ]6 `. U$ K5 o9 S5 f/ jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal* B) e6 f7 t/ d. Q" U5 M
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# b: O$ t4 a+ _  Q3 v9 d9 E# Hshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 p* M* P* @) r3 k3 o( S
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 P- n0 ^7 Q! K* \/ |' y: I& w: W9 {: V9 S
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: y5 K1 x& @! N# u8 t4 R: e. _
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were3 X$ x3 L3 Z( q1 r( X5 m! L
within normal range for his age. The concentration" T3 ~+ P1 E; K2 M- c) _
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 i0 n- m- J0 T% Q! d# K7 Z(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, y) I7 ?( u' k! V& }; u/ r6 L
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-; P$ L$ I( z1 t% ]/ m+ ~: S8 [0 M
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),8 [$ y# ]% D8 P. a# |9 z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 j( W3 _8 M/ u: O5 }5 o# n! O
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): H5 U+ c  y; i0 m; f$ S
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. C3 [" r* P0 J9 s' v& Ytisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total+ `) u7 C- N" Z$ C1 r4 S
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% T0 v& D( R- D1 `+ P- sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! B8 S. @$ w, {5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# F7 i: c6 }% h. B6 o/ Fstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone! m. l2 r8 l! b* _) d8 L' z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ B* O" v$ M0 Y8 H8 J
(prepubertal).
6 ?+ T' u" R( `- a" jThe parents were notified about the laboratory
" n# c6 f+ f) ~% U( Vresults and were informed that all of the tests were
# T% w  [/ r9 O/ wnormal except the testosterone level was high. The4 `  }3 ]" t, Q. Y& X$ B% i( `
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
! ^$ l+ _" q4 {) ^1 A& ]4 iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- I7 U' p; T* r: h# C: C
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.' o3 x& S8 R6 j& Q* [5 t
Physical examination at this time revealed that the$ N. r0 J5 f' c5 ^, w1 b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
; [$ d" B* K4 C2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
" d. _: F) q5 h7 B* o7 kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 y; b; R1 J3 r" U3 N8 l% _pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) \2 S) Q' v5 ~3 Y  k1 ]
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
% ~% Q: O4 n1 `" I" d& Q% ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ a2 E" R7 @; ]& ~9 }# ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-  k" r- ?7 u6 d  E
ing frequent erections.; r* Q8 x. r; {: t" A' e' k* }
Both parents were again questioned about use of4 ^% ?1 ], }" ?
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, t4 {* C0 x" Cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the  d) W" N$ Q4 X" o# [) J
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( I- g" e5 S3 v- Y( Y4 }use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ }7 P% O0 a* S/ m* ~4 A. C
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! t* v- U2 F$ g$ q, S- `
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
" a% I/ F; u/ d  Rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 s9 M' w* C" F( Y7 U" Wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido* w3 U8 f0 @; p9 r3 T0 {
secondary to depression.
0 O1 Y: Q; \6 [6 r' b* c# aThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
( C% o. Q0 b3 ~6 aThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
+ i- z  t( q$ v/ n/ C9 Q6 y6 \$ D* gchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
" I" ?0 j# U& u, |0 S0 ~  N9 hnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 B! G& N5 s: Z$ WThe father also admitted that after the phone call,) c4 Z3 A; _0 s, H/ B
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 G* f9 _7 B  Z3 l: X
was high, he then read the product information
. G1 X/ J/ W) ]* Ipacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-  Z6 O8 t; f* m. O& u0 P0 C
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% i- x7 d) i- N9 d$ b
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the  Z6 l+ b8 C" j1 ~' d) @& l. Z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had- q1 O9 t7 v! _( J! [8 \& v& q
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
: [9 i- v' d5 m' J2 g5 wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 M5 m9 \4 Y9 A: `$ M- elaboratory to obtain the test.) O  _0 [! F& Y: s
Discussion1 \- ]+ c0 u4 A* n5 I4 F0 v
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
' L' O2 P5 M1 b+ H9 osexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
( }( |. N$ X6 |5 A" ^  ?/ qPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* u+ A0 I  b$ X9 T7 b' A6 u
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( p. q7 ]5 K8 c7 ?thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' {" B7 I9 O4 w
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 x8 B" G7 ]  z  T7 emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 U% k. [9 c7 ]6 U! c+ |responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 T  q, S& J4 M, Z5 Y7 V- v# N
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ j* Q( p7 ]4 Z5 v1 P9 a) h. Y' A
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 C+ J1 @5 f0 u% V) _. v! Xboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
! m* K+ ~7 V5 Uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; W$ u% P  D: U1 X  _  v# R$ s
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- @- k& d1 t! A+ A2 {1 Q% jgonadotropins.1,3
0 {( ?# n% ~2 l, b, y/ N' iGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
" X% f* _9 U% c# l% h! kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ n) m, \6 B& o  X
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 M- ^( o1 [2 z0 N- S1 N1 n' rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 y) d5 C4 J; T
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing- E$ V0 R8 {5 T3 s
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  ?" W- n' ~9 L( A% `/ I! ~% j
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 S7 R) F+ o0 S- D8 i  J$ Npuberty in boys.3,46 c) }6 V3 D  r6 i& u( h8 B
The most common form of congenital adrenal- B" A( y$ q$ e) Z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
! ?8 Q  x/ m7 ^. h; ]$ `The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- J+ a: Y2 i- e+ B0 t  e( i
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 \: S2 m4 e/ _0 o  ]. ?% u9 _4 C$ fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
6 E# w2 o& l' S& P6 Eexcess.1,3. p3 m; A; H- f( b* V" L
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: C- l4 u" E$ k) `$ b5 g4 s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" k6 k2 A9 ^/ l$ |* eA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
- z! a+ T. o, S' W4 lindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ |( ^9 a# v" |4 aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
" q4 O7 c4 H. u$ Cvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 Q5 g% v# H5 B3 ^6 X$ swith this disorder are full pubertal development,- X4 u+ h/ o# \: s, Y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys) m* }5 ~9 l6 Q
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 B( w& y% [# m3 n+ L: qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
  F+ J& c( n  Npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
1 _9 M  T* H" a3 U7 y2 Mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked& E& t) I# t/ N. f0 o+ h5 T3 Q
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
+ t7 D# H# |6 B; j- r/ o8 x1 k, [4 D: amales; therefore, other male members of the family: J) n, o8 t& N5 C; f
may have similar precocious puberty.3
: m9 \/ w) m* j$ c  Q& w6 F% CIn our patient, physical examination was incon-% b) k) @/ |, Z- N, G
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& ?+ G9 `, e  g* Vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 M9 E) d( D2 l  R% Owas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( Q& n9 j% P, P, f3 `4 o, L+ ystarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
+ W7 H1 c6 n+ J: ^testicular enlargement is not that evident in the) H; m; `, m' t3 G) \4 B
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ ^+ P. W$ c( r1 i* o) W% z
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our: q" w) T7 q# Z3 ~: B5 o- r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
+ V6 Z+ _: `8 {either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
6 x! ^1 p9 _! j  ?8 edeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: ^7 }& Y2 L. u6 H1 a% M* j
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* J, {4 ?% R7 ?; B! U4 D( `0 t) s! mThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! [- ~1 B/ w* ~2 |suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because9 n+ }) d: {/ n- G
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; i* f) V4 i) P; C9 H' j( Gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& [) g' r, s% H. {. s6 z& R/ _
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 p' \+ y4 X% I$ ]terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ O& a( F9 j' ?- i6 E# z, ]& Y- _
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ C# b, B, f) P0 @
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% E2 Y8 Z, _. Gcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
8 e0 [; M1 V2 S+ v# `( m4 Bunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
  B' p4 [( D& U% |% o" QSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 [+ g! q& ~+ E9 \' I
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
& |! p0 U4 H2 B& b0 H) M; Ceven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 ^+ r. ^9 \! X: p+ C6 V( h3 V( k$ ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  h2 E: v& l2 a5 ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
# M' `3 h9 q* u2 v& aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; G% r" o. d5 ?which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
% U0 s. E1 K, ~: ~, e5 l1 Y! r5 xdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% x  Y4 ~7 }% Z. N$ _! Y+ dterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" A. `+ m; Y1 Q1 {1 z+ ?- U
active in young children exposed to testosterone" y" E* g! L  y* E% |( @
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: k: T6 C* P( x7 a
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to. |4 M" J; s( ?0 O. }, o- _2 L
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in6 y0 F/ p- W2 k9 C" ]8 [1 Q& Z4 E
children results in an increase in growth velocity and/ Y1 W: @9 @4 t  K
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 ?: `1 j" U  E- H& eThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during- e6 a: p7 _0 |! H3 _  B
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; ~# b- V6 L: I- x$ @; K$ dadult height are not fully known and always remain
+ Z7 p) V" T' s" u7 ~a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( C7 N9 _  V; oterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some4 [' D+ D8 f  i1 c
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after5 c2 q+ @$ M2 E* y- _+ ^1 \& N2 i
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ k: R  N% _. ?! I3 P& U! Rdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 @# w  L. M1 f' n" E2 C+ C: d1 |
There are conflicting reports and controversy
, R& _0 T8 Y/ B, ~over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# t1 z5 G) I9 |) s+ J
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal  v6 e% a8 c) r  I. L/ I5 Z; d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; m  @2 D: U4 q, `$ z2 K3 }
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 P6 m, T% E4 [; }9 T
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 Y; [+ o" k6 }& o2 Lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% {% q. A8 A+ I! `, hpenile length in clinical studies.
4 k, I. @! ~5 d& J6 U  k" `6 ~, ?Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. K8 ]) F1 {: q' P3 O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 O1 J4 o* q! b- R& S' \+ _testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' s  @/ h! b! R3 `0 K' S2 F6 o' f4 y
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.9 @5 p" R3 U% v( |
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
( X- p- Y3 r" L; Xdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! j. ^( t* s$ O7 Z5 _8 H- W& C' nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult) X; ^% L- Z5 ?& Z
height will not be affected.
; y& M5 b5 d: N) O; RAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 ?9 J6 f0 Y: A5 ]# A
ability of androgen products in our society may
1 e- q9 n8 q% aindeed cause more virilization in male or female# k' N& }( c( E3 ]) i! I
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
1 a. T) V! J( w( Ygen products must be considered and specific ques-
! k# Z- {! M' C8 f! m6 ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or
* _+ _7 j. T  ]! K4 Egel should be asked of the family members during
; e! L; c' _8 h. i3 e) C8 R" @# Kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! w8 O% J% M6 |; s/ q7 |5 @ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
% P1 n3 n' U* ?# I% R1 T0 ^: znosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  w! h8 c; V$ ?6 J2 k( Mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( U9 W. Z4 ]7 J( g6 H
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ t, D) d8 B6 [" N8 A0 Z+ ?3 [result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 \! S& p! B& Y3 t5 t  P5 \investigation. The primary care physician should be! e6 Y( |+ p8 e. t" t4 q
aware of this fact, because most of these children, z" J2 v0 Y1 `+ k! f) A2 l
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 P4 h' s9 ?+ p, \/ YDesk Reference and package insert should also put a( O' K- ^" {# J
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 O, ]! }# W1 M
female child who might come in contact with some-
2 H0 ^( W3 M, o4 None using any of these products.
& w, n5 K# Q& ^  G6 UReferences: T! s" ~+ R* A7 q7 x
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 E8 ^. e  |: j$ {5 k4 r0 {4 Q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
: S8 E1 b3 Q* LEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: E% ~2 x& M2 I; @! P* o# q2002: 565-628.
. P9 @( g7 T' s& c4 W1 O8 o) h/ u" G2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 z# Z. @* X$ [- t. V
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( \& U- U; K3 zBoy Induced by Indirect Topical! d: ?7 e4 v0 k; J3 L% \( _7 w! b% L2 }
Exposure to Testosterone6 O* k+ @1 V; u3 |/ e. q% Q3 h6 K
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
; T% R# A5 r# A; ?$ cand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ C6 W$ l" Q8 oClinical Pediatrics# h# ]# c. E: G8 U" B/ x* M3 O: e
Volume 46 Number 6
# j9 B# `& G$ g' sJuly 2007 540-543
" m$ N: F' x: ?% W( p8 i7 i© 2007 Sage Publications
' I& g: \7 E9 X2 a, C% \, z10.1177/0009922806296651# R- |8 q7 P* Q" o' H
http://clp.sagepub.com+ p$ F( l: d/ S- h. P: D5 O5 G
hosted at
7 M2 v9 Z! i2 a  K1 O' Fhttp://online.sagepub.com, j7 a* T% u# ]% H+ C0 Q1 \- _
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, ~  }; M0 u+ l& V, g* J! `. ]1 B
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 Z# w* O" y# f; K7 Jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 y( ]% }' g0 h% J" h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! W& @6 ^. l) W' ~2 i6 d6 G
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system& H& x* d8 P4 m5 z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ G2 ^" {) G( ^, f
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% E: R( I- ]9 ]" k8 U' Y: K" ?hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& o* e( g/ Y" F3 j( A, k
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! Q) l1 ?6 G+ D) ^  X1 x
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the7 x" s3 {8 _' q* C% `1 }
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
/ l) l# v7 b4 \8 [' M" Bment without testicular enlargement, which was due2 c# y7 ?' @1 e/ w1 v. ^$ o! f
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
- ~7 a( i# h8 ]9 I5 gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
* w+ z# I! O; @9 d4 i9 e  cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 {+ a: {( Q. U& c# k% D: A/ gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, @) X) P& Z; v+ u# o8 Xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 ]6 h; V" e. s
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 p# F3 S$ T5 J1 D+ M4 t) Eliterature.4# B, q/ Z8 c  j! s
Patient Report: X) R8 A! A) T& K7 g% d4 b
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 C8 X; x( l1 H: t3 z& ], `+ R& D- `
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 u/ r2 |5 w: |4 gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 u0 l9 J+ {7 k( m! E3 c) Y+ y& d- xlight colored pubic hair development when he was2 d; h7 W2 a/ E0 v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 g" h6 M# h" i' @5 ~- y: u- ^& KSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ [! ^2 c( R: z; @, p7 z7 k
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- K9 e0 e* U& I. P, J% f$ e
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  I& Z8 \  B! X9 K2 c6 E/ bMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 u9 Q  y+ {* U7 u: P
e-mail: [email protected].- }% E2 ]9 N8 D' @/ I/ r
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& C: j/ b! Z: V$ A+ w
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-+ a- i, M8 C* c4 K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( G* n9 C& E* r$ I+ m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 e7 ]5 b, E" _, `2 o/ ~3 Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% Y$ {+ F) k2 |+ W4 l2 f* B' E
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 {0 i! q) a7 z; P( R/ z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% z1 \, Y  w7 Q8 P& G. s& X; u! tsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# @2 I( s% D$ c' ?$ I9 ^- h3 {
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
4 r) {6 t' T( |, D; H" B. Awas age appropriate.# H! [  W, w% i- |: T9 U
The family history was remarkable for the father,( B% o+ i1 e0 m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
7 _: F# O( @8 {  c# A. ^/ bwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 {0 `1 w$ E6 y8 y% s0 u) Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  q: w' K" V: \7 ^. n. D1 Q5 V
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ e9 g: d& p& b# z
The father denied taking any other medication. The, q  Y, ~, u$ ~0 r: H0 V
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& [9 ~- D) W  t/ kwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
+ A8 U) A* f( K, ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. t, F4 n$ N4 T3 Z, Y
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" ^( S: }0 N2 z- u( g, M" Btives. There were no siblings.
" j5 y0 E2 o# S& T: APhysical Examination7 \7 s2 z* {6 m7 ?6 w
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ h/ r7 Y# r& `1 f# K4 \
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented9 M9 d7 h; Y, Y. X/ h7 B
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ R  L0 }" D8 M7 e; e0 w4 X
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 v9 @3 r5 }7 ~% P* x
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. U5 E7 \- @; L* {8 B. t
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. L% L. i& w1 j* {" O  m
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.) w  G0 @) f$ X  W8 _! \5 o, U. M1 J
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 G  t, F3 |% ^$ Genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of  Z0 h+ k: E( R9 ^# y2 V2 O# }
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) K# B0 C* M, I7 C  sdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around6 D) E- E4 U+ {$ P
540
: Y' I" S' J9 i9 p; V3 Lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& h5 t+ f8 }" \) ~7 j' l  `
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The) Y% g8 }( u" G, ]! [, o8 G4 c
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( u5 S/ x3 R) }7 V' jThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 D" G$ U, M. f7 `% c8 I, A9 toily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! J3 R! o- R5 q+ U( @abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 L4 I: y# i- g
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ B; u1 K7 ~; U; ?4 l2 R5 qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) S9 T4 Z( F! X
of papilledema.  w) X- U- d1 B! L" Z& j, Z
Laboratory Evaluation
; M  J/ |' R5 bThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 U: |  j) `2 o8 \& @5 @  @+ eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# z- \( @& F' J, Flogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
$ m9 P1 x: @5 mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test7 H$ f9 m+ ]! w9 e2 H
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, G3 Y0 a, {( V, H8 }; k7 j7 R6 C
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ J& I* P/ i+ G! h4 B9 a1 IThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ L/ s$ J$ N( D/ l- Curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( }9 ~& z/ A  [) U% t) \( Uwithin normal range for his age. The concentration9 P& v3 Q, s) z- w6 O
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL& d! \2 w: P/ \; o+ L0 o
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20. S& i2 [, c( u. C% s
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 ~% [- U& o! ^: J; b7 h  t, b7 mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),, F) ~9 U/ s9 K
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 R* R# H. ?* T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)% n4 Q# Q% K+ J( d( i& R9 p# u( ^$ v
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
0 n1 p9 ?" ?0 U! otisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; y) @! g- j& D: n% Utestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
! F+ y5 m$ K* X$ ?% x0 [and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! H+ w% Q3 G, W: u5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular( K1 m  p3 S6 X7 r, K$ Z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ J9 \' Q- w2 _: k; yconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL# t  l) ~# U# K$ I; t
(prepubertal).7 _+ K$ y# O) t7 m" Q$ D& [3 g
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 V% D1 g- I- B+ `7 Rresults and were informed that all of the tests were
# ^* L- D: p" F; jnormal except the testosterone level was high. The( i# K% R; e+ x  x
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ `, @  F! x) a  t
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. `4 M3 G+ ]% R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.! X* V  I2 F/ [, i7 s& @
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ j3 a3 a, s& F, u# ]7 }' d" `child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% R! D. B) _9 V- E7 O2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& _, P* U* D  C# X$ `% C2 t  Uunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, m% Q3 M' L( D3 _! L/ E9 r
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at8 c" ^2 C" J9 \/ O( [
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% D5 x' ?6 Y8 {) d
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.! j- i' q8 X! D1 X
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: t! |# D# k8 }0 d7 c8 Q% ^& A: d
ing frequent erections.
7 U) t, `5 f! r: f% ?Both parents were again questioned about use of) W1 u% U" M/ F: ^* u' f1 S# j
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
8 Y0 p  `) i3 `: s5 R/ ~. hthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 {8 K: a, [5 A# ^, T& ?
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ Y" Z" K8 g% i1 s
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* K7 l/ }8 M; R4 a0 Y+ [
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ D8 D# d0 B* S  L. k2 ?- O
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 k; w+ k' H) _' h/ ?1 K# u  Zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
+ i1 H7 i  Y" Z! {8 Uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido: A3 o4 h0 Y! X) M9 `
secondary to depression.% y3 l5 A1 Q; V" p2 O" i: g0 G
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. K5 m3 ~, y( A$ TThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* Z& H$ h( p3 R# Z" nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) h0 v9 H7 Y( _3 `8 T2 c
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 T. ?- \! q. l0 h. E& n$ v
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
) G. x5 f) S) E' i& ^when he learned the testosterone level in the baby4 |' X5 G4 z( f: u* F
was high, he then read the product information
" }' i6 ^2 a8 K8 l# j& Ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ _  K7 r$ k& V* m
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) h' W0 l- o" |( K$ R/ i
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 U& H# E! b! S' e5 R6 U
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; [$ v. F. i$ Y6 V% ?; ]/ V! kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% V; e0 r3 Y+ ?4 Atest was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 ~% G6 ?+ R6 t. R! ?! Y) O
laboratory to obtain the test.
$ f3 k; R1 P, w/ o- B- Q0 gDiscussion0 F9 T. Z$ h, q
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( w0 n2 \- K8 m$ f
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 z! T7 {* k' m) q  `- [7 U
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% t" u1 x; @  p: s, q& h5 ]1 Xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
6 U) J8 z7 W) y+ lthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 H) w1 q! e, J3 N6 z# Y
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 C: y! G5 z4 v7 dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is* ?/ {6 B' Q! n
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% X# W7 K: C5 a; n6 M( F3 |, m
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-& T7 Y" l1 l& U4 f. X5 ?
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in6 F3 I, H5 B0 U; A
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 F5 f1 c7 G3 h  I: b7 H8 Jization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
1 ^. f5 N: o' G0 Mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* P+ w) C1 \; ]- D% A5 B
gonadotropins.1,3
6 D* t2 c- r, T' ]; s8 S- iGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
+ B8 b7 g6 C4 L4 N: L: Acious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& T& r! c: Z' l1 z  pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 i7 K) K# F8 n/ S
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ J( w# z" t' L6 v2 |2 Dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
3 n! n/ D) v2 u$ U" ]congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
$ o& z( ~; o/ Y; zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ |  k7 a: Q" o3 T2 u- U2 _; L6 A1 |
puberty in boys.3,4
) k* J0 j; o* o) XThe most common form of congenital adrenal( A- d, J% f: N# `# C, Z( P
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 i: }5 h' e/ K9 u9 a  o' A
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 k$ m& k) B) C6 m6 B; texcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 [0 v8 u8 x  s) d* j) k' G  Man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ L# s& u' u3 j3 y
excess.1,3) X* t' S  K( N, C. N( r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# s; E7 c6 E6 A( X
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ j7 {6 l( s' \! pA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
  `7 r; [! `4 c1 Q, G* Lindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ g* y4 }6 x# r) x) \2 {1 |as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- C; _% C& h0 I8 `) Pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys7 n% ?6 x% ]- w
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
) g9 u5 g. q, I) _including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 B! L( H% J+ ]4 `1 S3 g% Swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 W/ [, F0 f# B  b8 Y1 o) ]2 U2 xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show+ p  N& k: n6 E; s/ n
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
8 |( o& J. ^9 j3 {' I7 H8 }/ dreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% b1 D3 w3 ?, s# W0 yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 I, Q9 \& ]3 P" |& \  a* kmales; therefore, other male members of the family
8 P7 Q: c3 Z" z2 U* j$ umay have similar precocious puberty.3
( U3 |3 \2 q% i! U  m. G1 rIn our patient, physical examination was incon-& O0 `+ I, [1 b
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-0 X5 a/ ^. ?' t- e& B! y$ o) f
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: K( ~: q0 }$ [" Q# p: ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father
0 |* @  W1 z5 c, u) L8 ystarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# R( }, |7 S1 O9 B" K0 d6 W
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
$ P4 F! n8 e! Z* m3 k. \beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
6 s, K6 o! [2 d6 V# Z2 Xative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( \+ }! [  G$ B" u: Fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
! W& N2 S, }/ Y/ ~  V! yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" a+ g5 M1 c9 ^. s3 E  Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
5 e: B2 H3 S" H7 k) K" @6 @ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* O! _; q. K' j) xThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 a8 H+ D7 H1 q6 s: fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ x" G$ h5 L  \/ {: w- O1 k2 X/ W
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-' D, N. z0 N% e5 W; j( x) G
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
. W, z' |# ?0 q$ T) R/ Ydecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-9 w* U$ a9 U! J  {
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: ]+ e" U* P% p% j6 z" A9 V- @* Q( G
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 V; V2 p; Y" i2 M2 z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# @0 s; i; h* s% x* e& pcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to- q+ g- L' c& |. l* [
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.% Y' i3 ^1 O1 n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 |! _5 n( B7 G9 _2 L
baseline value in those females who were exposed to! M  p1 L& O+ v2 V7 l' d
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
! H: a4 q2 {' |9 Cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
3 c# p; H  k: j1 gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
1 S7 ~: Y' {' f7 k  p- u0 jOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,% e, X( K4 O* n
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
. f1 {( k/ f, ]6 |dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 U* _: f  [7 E, Z4 |terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 j( {, Z6 }: h/ p% kactive in young children exposed to testosterone6 _3 d- z5 x% c. d& I6 j" N
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  K  `. `& i/ G0 Y, n: ]drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 g" z9 n4 b# g. X! m
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 C% ]( B4 [5 s. B: ?4 G/ O! [
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 o. p" S% B" |- z7 y# H4 p, c$ @
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
! Q- ~% H, H9 P  H( }, q( V1 GThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
6 M7 D5 z- S- c' Y& x1 ]early childhood on pubertal development and final- A. u& ^+ c* a, ^5 ?- H7 E
adult height are not fully known and always remain
- @& r( k6 q8 \' H) D& Y4 Pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
! d5 @. {% z$ J# H' qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: r2 t) o5 F7 T( }8 k- G% O$ Gacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 t, o( \1 [) C( j  mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 @# ]8 W6 b9 _( i+ j: K8 {6 _decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' M1 U6 X% g0 X6 p' z, M/ LThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ {& L$ ]' A6 V, b2 h& Uover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
& i+ V( ?. t  o- G2 Jpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
% N. @  ~1 X5 [adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-5 v3 e& e$ ^; _$ {. v5 O( j5 X
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
+ t. `3 e0 {4 j$ tSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 ]! ]" G- ^. F/ d) z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 P1 i* D0 a: w! C0 B: a
penile length in clinical studies.
) R. o* q+ l3 D& g- nNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 b! N2 l+ p  C- \) P) {going to experience any of the untoward effects from
9 B# i' C) s7 y7 n6 `3 |testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because% X$ q' W3 B, y3 _% U1 M/ y
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
8 t7 d" T" \0 ~6 ~, R  `1 GAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
+ X% p. y; S! R% m& z4 L6 ydiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' n: }  @" q1 j: E; `6 M( z0 Qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 S* E; R% T6 s' S0 Q9 z3 _7 R' l+ g
height will not be affected.
3 b* ~8 s! [. ^% b) QAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 a) B$ I- S3 pability of androgen products in our society may+ Q+ e2 R* d) l1 q$ ~* X
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 ]! d' K# u7 P; k  b) [4 i  jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ @$ r* Y) U+ H, S, z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-/ L, z4 H9 b. \; }; E
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or  _8 v: F3 C* ~  ?
gel should be asked of the family members during
: r# R3 r  P* Xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
; X  Z+ @# R1 }$ F( y) dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-( T7 `! N* G9 x
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by" C3 W# ~2 C- s4 H+ J: E1 g. z$ C
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* P( F2 A- {% T& m
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 b) e: x7 A+ }$ ~8 Z" e5 t  F
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 b/ u! K( v2 F7 @) X# z
investigation. The primary care physician should be4 P# \3 L" B7 a, i5 R
aware of this fact, because most of these children
, t1 f2 w( [: [3 L7 M3 z# Kmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’6 W9 c! D+ j' S/ V: U1 g( |; t
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a% ^# h# e! i: E  Z5 ?) ~  @" k
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ i: B8 i2 D- Z6 z
female child who might come in contact with some-
$ }9 ?4 E) m3 U$ y5 z2 gone using any of these products.
* ]8 S5 R; _* g0 \: iReferences4 Q5 a  ?, a6 ]: l3 |, h5 J+ c
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& D( B' D; u9 band puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( X3 P! z, b1 j: \. q
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;; Q: v) i' H1 R  g  L( p. B$ b
2002: 565-628.: s4 H+ `2 W( J) ]( N  I
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: m; ?4 z$ X. \# b$ m7 N1 E; ]9 ^puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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