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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: F4 |: j8 K( U' g$ v0 e  b* KBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
) n! c( J3 ?* T  i4 qExposure to Testosterone
, `' _9 h" k$ v. v8 @! i: _Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
+ ~7 Z" c6 s# A/ r, Y6 Jand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 g1 n5 v  F6 zClinical Pediatrics' _0 O2 C- Z* I9 A; ~5 w2 p. }# V: h
Volume 46 Number 6! d/ N" S3 k+ o: P5 T
July 2007 540-543
) j. ^+ b* U4 o* g1 O% u5 l4 n5 ?© 2007 Sage Publications. u* e1 H& k6 d# e! g* Z/ i8 ~/ u# x7 S
10.1177/0009922806296651
) B8 A8 `' @0 Phttp://clp.sagepub.com$ J7 I+ p& d. g! u: V
hosted at
: r4 T7 m4 [  p6 T: W: t* T( Qhttp://online.sagepub.com4 s9 U) M0 o5 D* {: {0 w8 R( K* c0 H
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) U4 {3 Q0 _3 [1 D$ T
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 W2 L: G  Q" vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 I0 D2 K2 x# d! V
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
. h0 E* w* u: o# b* |0 {/ Ja higher incidence of organic central nervous system
2 ]" q0 w: @0 Olesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 O/ v% P, G9 P2 x( V
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 D) `$ G; |: |2 a8 dhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ V( ]& @# ~5 o/ qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We( r9 j2 x8 z5 j# x9 j8 D; A
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: L- ^. L  T7 [1 X& e4 O+ @" Yenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-$ l4 m" }" @, P3 w. R7 W5 |" s
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
, J# l! y! W* K' Y5 ?1 d8 y5 M0 Sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
! @- }! Y* L( t1 t* @/ W' Hthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 Q, F7 }1 n( d8 E# ~
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this/ M& d- S! [" j' ~# h( d6 q
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of3 v' d- ^5 A: n, |7 o* S, O) F# F
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
6 C% p3 t& Y$ K* ]bly more common than the rare case report in the
  [/ v8 b# H& Dliterature.4* k  b6 b" U9 |
Patient Report+ ~( f9 |; H/ w% v) M, U
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
6 L+ B- q2 |/ pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& P. `. y9 `+ S: T% c
of early sexual development. His mother noticed" |) F; r3 J2 X: u
light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ g. q3 X/ W, @5 s% aFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ b% W- I  x1 B2 C
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  C9 p1 ?  W1 `6 L# Z' t8 zAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 \7 y# l: O& `7 M" J( `7 @
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of! \# W' N0 Z/ J3 E- f; x  S
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
6 y7 F* S$ }* {1 h: O, Be-mail: [email protected].
" O6 f8 ^! E1 Y% T! Nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( s1 d7 C+ {0 W7 P$ q. {6 Qdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% T7 l8 w! _2 r
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, M* d( \: A2 X, awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. A  [$ O: j, ]- g. o3 j& t+ c9 I: A
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
2 j$ M, }5 ?! y0 ~) c20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 f: ]3 A5 b/ e* P- W$ ~5 Hof life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ O. u! K/ U( p% ?: B
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! ?4 x5 l2 w, L; c/ t
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( s, i7 g+ ^7 N7 ~was age appropriate.7 A: H0 Q: y$ H7 c) G* L
The family history was remarkable for the father,
; ~+ k2 D& u' ]7 e- Wwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% t4 X( y, h  ^7 J/ r9 X' i" vwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s0 Q7 F2 y$ x) ~( P' \6 W
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat; B+ v0 t+ t0 A) [# `# s3 z
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 q1 b1 l  [7 {: H7 o7 P# p- R" qThe father denied taking any other medication. The
9 ]. T0 q" }& t- L5 W7 O" [child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 m1 \: I* O; a$ e8 U- Dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: D% \, z; u5 w/ f& T
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 ]& _6 g2 A, W
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
0 x( y% b7 y- I4 J8 p' ]( H) wtives. There were no siblings.) t; M( O' A! p% v& v$ x2 O% n6 T
Physical Examination  f/ i5 N$ v1 e- `; N6 N5 E# J
The physical examination revealed a very active,9 `9 p8 T5 w0 a& k/ r6 w0 O/ f: I5 Q
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 e* r  I2 {& R8 e
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 j7 k) U/ w% L6 z1 W" G) M7 m
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg1 |& N& ?* S0 z4 ^
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
) O* q% M% Z6 Y. g# |; C) Nvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* d& y5 t/ R9 h& d: H  @the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.8 B5 t8 h6 S- S2 m
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for( {: T- z7 S6 J9 x) j+ s
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of; i8 W/ w8 [0 v5 Z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: l  t' o( `: w8 i  V6 o, i* t) z0 ]
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around  A8 d+ {' T9 H$ W2 D
540% g8 ^* {% ~( O9 B5 H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 O" w2 T/ C( S) ]
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 D1 ^& ~3 ?7 `7 \0 @0 utesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! b* q) b$ S+ i# B- }The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat4 e: b- Y& G3 X* P
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no* O. p) {: u* }7 p5 s
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.  Z: X! S8 s0 J" a
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% H- n0 _# ^. ]5 j+ c9 L
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( }* e4 J8 A' u0 B+ b3 S7 _4 iof papilledema.
: X: c3 n: K& fLaboratory Evaluation
5 J* B! i- w5 W1 s7 n+ A! K$ xThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 ]0 Y; Z- H4 m! a5 N  c
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 V  |6 s2 `7 j1 I: F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- H/ s! a4 [4 t9 Nkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 n4 H& m' c6 W) \9 lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ i, Q8 L* P6 Q2 H- Xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).7 B) a- z2 l# }* S
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ T; [% c8 C& |5 \urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
+ Y* `( [9 v2 v+ }( f4 Jwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
8 y2 b) C% N2 v6 Uof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: w+ k* E: I$ m* I4 i  Y# J(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 l$ d' K# K3 t6 n8 D
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
% I9 `) L. c$ l- X* Y. Y; bterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; g. B9 M" i% _+ A
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
8 k' }( {9 W$ m' O' M, \. c: J49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)* }9 D( ~+ E$ I8 k2 l! _) f, }
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-  {: ?; w6 S! H+ D: H+ o0 {% E
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
' e. M4 [4 {4 ^& v* P; Gtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 i' J; l4 f9 N/ I/ A5 nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: B9 U+ _. E; A2 N, ~5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
1 q1 V% ~& H" |/ n5 Ystimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ Q8 O, O8 F% l; M- ?
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL1 ]. @5 J# }3 o  m0 N: F/ \8 R5 y
(prepubertal).1 w8 `& J6 V! ?+ {9 D+ }# g
The parents were notified about the laboratory
7 ^8 X, a# E9 E0 ]9 ~! R" E0 a7 ]- {results and were informed that all of the tests were
( Z0 Q: ^$ C' f* vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The4 e% F7 e% s! ^, I/ t5 V0 K2 J
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to1 \" b" c6 G1 ~! H3 `% R& o( x
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
/ Y( g, ]% d  }ever, the family did not return for 4 months.' P. [9 T3 I1 }
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ j! }, ?* Q  Z% k; m# @3 Ichild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
7 v& ?3 k& ?" [2 I5 x2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. q: ?, b& |- f% r- ]7 s' Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ c$ J! a" \. T; O( Xpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 q9 Q  v4 w) q6 e, [; lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 |- p' R2 v3 n. X2 J: s! t+ H4 `; a
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% H& N* E" }: o$ f8 S5 tThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ r& t, j* y9 X7 T: Q% |7 G8 p
ing frequent erections.2 t: [* P# C: i
Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 v5 B" o4 p& z+ U6 X5 f& ?1 `any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 Y+ R" ~+ X5 |& x( z. \* }the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# M! H1 L) m3 \+ @; h. _- d4 pTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" N; u$ l/ ^* u) |5 T6 ^7 _$ Ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' c; F0 ?3 o% F2 b. q$ ?ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
; ?- ^# q2 k/ o" za year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ M. p( p0 q& ~8 o9 G) V
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" W2 l; M8 O+ _  X4 }7 H
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 K( {# {4 j* g2 m$ K1 t
secondary to depression.
6 a6 ~; O% Z( d; qThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
6 ]% g5 h; B( \. T' H3 U6 aThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; S3 Z1 x0 u* O" `6 T. e5 c0 g1 mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* ?; X/ ^9 M0 O: rnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
1 g% f" q  H1 x# D" N/ Y. f* nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,3 w1 k2 N1 J5 N  _
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 o4 A* A# J8 H
was high, he then read the product information
( I0 u, X, Q! ~+ Apacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' g1 N5 R# w, c; T2 v5 ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# c' b5 y# q! p- E7 F0 tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( p# v. Y' F* z5 K
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 }5 z2 e5 k( e2 P$ \been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
$ a; A- ]7 M0 [$ y' @test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
% Z% w' m6 Q4 c7 r5 {1 olaboratory to obtain the test.
7 t  s. t& G: k0 z: |Discussion' ~# N/ D& v$ h2 G
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary5 H) }- ?( ]$ X: Q* A/ c
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; }( m  o( I! ]& g% |. i5 V1 GPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 q7 t6 W* _" }, S
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
7 @* Q# l6 ~# u8 D" b* f8 Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
$ o: V4 O3 x1 Lmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP' ^; B* |. R; s
may have a central nervous system lesion that is! }+ t3 }+ K1 ^# \7 T
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 u+ \; s" e5 N1 ~amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 M1 h5 y7 t. o, W
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" O1 T/ I+ i1 U  C/ y7 V$ v& o2 Xboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-. R0 w0 P9 m  P+ N+ e1 n
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 y: O+ D/ J% F- |( j8 ?  T4 q  zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 a8 L1 C/ Q+ x2 h1 X3 p
gonadotropins.1,3
% N. t$ |4 N- d( oGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; F; }+ ~6 a  V. N
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ n, ]' v- n6 B, e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or- C( a- G! W- c8 m3 M! `3 |
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-- E3 f" ^% ~" Z, C0 M
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& ?  t' J; E6 U0 Z. |4 t, S0 q% Acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 h/ d3 L& p7 Y+ k, m4 ?: n
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* G% A, |5 ^  m7 f
puberty in boys.3,4- x! y+ x( `9 j8 t
The most common form of congenital adrenal! I+ O; M. k# E0 \$ e. B/ w  z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& Q0 V/ Y1 o3 w; [* A! A
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 Y" L) h2 e- _. |" m+ j9 n
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( V. G5 ^+ D- h4 q5 D& S% V
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ g* A7 N8 I$ \6 }( H5 B
excess.1,33 b5 a4 j9 Y( g$ o' e5 r# `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) h; t+ }: [! d4 V3 A4 \0 A8 a% J
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 y- _; \& b( M" M  C! X4 {
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" J& r0 _0 q% t7 T0 uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 q( E) r# w8 o% t; Vas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 b" L, w. L2 ^' b: \! {( s, jvery young age. The physical findings in these boys. j2 ^$ v( H) q$ i4 v1 [' M- ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
& M2 H& P; S* n5 vincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" [" L" h) u; L$ O7 s
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder% L/ \! z/ G/ I. _* x+ s1 U
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 V! j/ ~$ n# k# ]8 u7 R6 Xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
* @9 H! Z- w6 areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked& w: [( Q( v. [
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& {$ K  k6 _' A* Z. L0 U3 R- Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
2 F" r* k+ e/ ?: Lmay have similar precocious puberty.34 e) k0 ^) b1 E; \4 \/ }2 P& ~5 e
In our patient, physical examination was incon-/ k- P8 ^; P$ q7 n9 p
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% e& y& G" i) e2 k+ `1 ?# k2 {cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis5 C2 O0 B0 E4 `4 G) ]5 \9 p
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% P5 S) W6 ]6 e, [1 w
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
/ e, G9 }/ a8 t& Rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the0 V9 D1 v. b" n  d
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 p0 @6 J9 ]9 U$ A' F5 F+ \. Cative initial history of androgen exposure, our
7 V3 p& w* J! u! D' [* `) @biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
( g+ u2 G# G  m1 Peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase5 J; K7 N! k3 j* L6 j
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-) D2 U0 ]% A3 A8 W* l$ a
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.# A; ~) e2 S5 ~- w$ l
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: K/ a: d7 j. x( S' m# [
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because6 l0 R( l" b: x4 e8 i6 j% \
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-- x5 R1 h& v- n7 I- g0 l* {+ y, g
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 b" Y: \' z3 G) {2 hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  a9 E, b- R6 ?4 F, a& T0 A  X
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 R1 e. o) [  w0 T/ d' k; Eusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
5 @% g, I' ^  z5 d3 i: @' BDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) T, g, J5 v7 {cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" P; u( @8 Y2 m' M/ X( i* h8 S
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
6 A0 U- L. Z* X7 ~; o0 LSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, I* Z$ a" E/ w9 x% K  Y9 P1 xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to! v$ B6 y& ~* s2 i6 k8 h- c
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: Q* j; z8 ~; f. M2 N8 F
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-7 M2 N+ v* |) K) x
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; Z" g, n0 c; \  W# s4 {, l* v
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& W& q9 l: _/ q7 ^) v# J
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ ?$ h9 E7 B+ W' Z# _( ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
5 s+ l, ~- `3 e8 o- qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
. S4 J, b8 S; a, C7 Z- N" {active in young children exposed to testosterone
3 @3 y; U" f# s+ ~exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% m6 j1 Q& K% `+ q$ y
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 Y7 n( m% G9 L9 v) Z2 g! {3 O- {* G
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' G& E6 a* e4 _: H( uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
; `4 o" _3 s! ?+ [9 o3 zadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.1 @5 j3 J' Q7 u' P4 k
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during: q' N* P# F0 N7 B, l9 u- z" M( M" `
early childhood on pubertal development and final* b" W- z: M/ y2 T
adult height are not fully known and always remain2 s) R2 i7 c1 u- K. [/ u% `
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' F' d# J6 A2 X* E1 S: O% A' _8 qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some" e; J# H$ c" g* [' b" y
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ m$ Q8 z" l5 Pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; O+ `6 A) k4 b/ p5 J; ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& V. E5 P8 t1 Y* G2 C
There are conflicting reports and controversy
# k, g# @) d/ H7 W0 Fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
- G( ^5 I" w/ k+ t3 s) qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal  _, S# U2 V1 i" U  T, N( [% d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 I/ |2 d2 t! ^! C; O5 m0 eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% k) |5 K# v* p+ I
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( S0 H, S5 I6 t! e! [3 {
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: B! G4 O2 x' K  L( bpenile length in clinical studies.
: w7 n' w4 q& eNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 h8 d6 Y% }% H5 s
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
. m. a0 o" \/ \4 o( v4 {6 v. _testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' C$ L- K% L$ [) \  C. Z1 vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 E$ i$ j$ n  d) \! m9 o: h
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) V: s& m: E/ S: p% f
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" P; P; E6 \8 R* G/ d$ ~the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. p+ L# G% K1 R
height will not be affected.4 [8 Y: |& P$ O  n+ {& P9 f7 f
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 C' ^- d5 {& H" oability of androgen products in our society may
, u& S, x6 }* R* V  s% Z% Sindeed cause more virilization in male or female# t9 A. l3 H1 |
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- R$ ~! ~: O5 m, w* k
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ H# i/ O3 J  ]) M( |; R! Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or- J( p2 f* y# E+ y) w! s' n
gel should be asked of the family members during
  g/ @8 F6 v9 Gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ C9 R( K! G" A1 ~- \( {2 C6 P
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 M' l+ Z% H4 l& ~
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 Q' Q/ K- Z9 yappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
4 e+ \1 C( S8 Rhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 ^: [0 [1 ^8 A$ P2 J
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) o' s% O6 \5 @1 h2 N2 G1 dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be: t5 l4 L) v/ d& T+ }
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 ]. Y3 a& J2 l3 mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 k+ F. C. [: }3 k
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a" {4 f& |) X& X, R; |$ D: r4 O8 G5 W
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 N. \" E- K6 c/ g. U; ~
female child who might come in contact with some-+ t" T1 ?! d3 s! z
one using any of these products.! K! {8 b9 R: S- P- w' ~
References6 {% h& z' ^) p* G
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. T1 i% B* U# N9 O
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& v+ L9 X, \/ N4 z9 `6 a8 z7 F
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; q6 t9 p# o; k7 e' I" v2002: 565-628.
7 T0 b4 w* D3 [) f! R2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 U) M* w/ ~. s: s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; |/ Z3 m% V1 s/ W+ t# EBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ k) k% }7 J2 {1 hExposure to Testosterone4 |. k3 E+ Y1 [4 @  w
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 a/ `/ d. B; K5 V' D7 q8 b! t8 ~) \
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 [+ Z" v( ^# t7 u
Clinical Pediatrics7 e$ O' z8 j: _+ d. q+ W
Volume 46 Number 6# S0 O; U6 h' `$ b" O* p1 b
July 2007 540-543
1 D3 R- K+ k# U. W4 ^© 2007 Sage Publications
+ u' E6 j* r4 G10.1177/0009922806296651
" m. |: [0 X; r4 ^$ V/ D5 Y' B# Ihttp://clp.sagepub.com8 R$ b7 X0 ]; V# k/ U" j5 m% V
hosted at- U4 g5 ~0 t1 n$ p: W4 i& {$ r- \
http://online.sagepub.com
' c; m- u  A6 S' S2 BPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 o8 z, O4 G, Z2 L4 P, qis a significant concern for physicians. Central
* m" V1 N1 l' M. D$ Z0 ~7 M4 Aprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& t3 g+ O0 Y& d0 u( V: i, |through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* C( @. a! ]1 X! {; s7 O2 q8 {
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- ~5 g+ Y+ M6 t% [1 Ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
6 K3 [2 C: ~& k2 Iby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic7 v  L; s9 R; v% S9 ?* e7 Z+ J; K
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
7 {2 R* y* `9 M; B9 h* icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 ]2 \- T3 w7 w3 j- e7 t
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( s2 `& W) D  E$ K# I+ Q4 lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
- L/ a0 x! i* Tment without testicular enlargement, which was due" X6 q* d! b! w/ S
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 |+ o3 |4 V$ q1 R0 P
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-" }4 P* o2 B$ w) F% D
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( |: j: z, K9 o6 n+ X2 z. ]2 }child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
3 r, @1 u7 [! J7 |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-5 m, l" Y; q& n7 }
bly more common than the rare case report in the& B0 ]% t7 t/ Q; @1 a
literature.4
' m+ b+ l# ^- U. sPatient Report' F7 S* D9 F. I7 O1 p
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 B2 P# W* m7 d& U8 t$ I" V
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ z/ i' {" A5 n8 Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed6 `2 l% X. x6 L# S# j9 P) M
light colored pubic hair development when he was# P7 l+ _3 s  R2 }+ ]4 G1 o  Q
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" }: T- ]1 D$ t' }" N( m
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: k; r" }0 e* u  A6 PAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' e: X7 e8 o7 V9 h( Z6 q" UProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; L" \5 {2 G! N) G2 H7 Z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
3 ?3 B) g. a0 O4 C4 v6 xe-mail: [email protected]./ G; `  D7 j" Q9 f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
+ X; h! X) @8 s- D( J6 M" t1 Fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-  @4 {% A) {- \7 I. N6 |3 J! w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child6 n2 u/ t, l: g, p) {+ ^( k
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with+ I, L3 L! f9 [; Y5 r
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ N/ g# {* ?8 b6 b# Y- G
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
7 }+ l0 ]5 d) v! gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
, A+ X- i+ H4 _8 d* ?solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,/ z* w4 a7 \% u6 i- S5 _: ^
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 t8 R" Y" B) E, h% W8 u
was age appropriate.
8 j! g: P% I2 p4 R1 FThe family history was remarkable for the father,9 n6 o, l# d/ _
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) r9 d6 G4 P  s* L( |$ Xwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( A/ y% ^2 [. [  @height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 J# n% c6 m* n* R/ I0 }
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 d! P' j) S" e2 O( WThe father denied taking any other medication. The3 U8 q& ^% T8 c9 U
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 W9 h/ a9 P) x" a
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) W6 W' t( x$ l
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 E# \9 U$ \1 ^6 e' ?0 R* Ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
4 Q# @/ p1 G$ A" c6 mtives. There were no siblings.
  K0 M$ e1 r( D% R) `7 V1 b& {Physical Examination4 O) j, p9 `/ @5 z7 w* t& V2 D6 S
The physical examination revealed a very active,' ^  L* P3 S3 P2 t! r1 Y
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' S- G( {1 |5 X' o  D& Sa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. a6 M! I! u7 y3 e! H! h8 z4 P/ x5 L* |
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# ]; J$ a7 Z, S8 h(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
: G1 m; F/ b9 V. ]9 {# r* s! tvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' w5 D6 }4 s( p) ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ ^# k0 {7 W. K! b2 YThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 f6 K) h" y5 B  G; s! }) t6 Benlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# o7 s6 M) d1 B, x' u( Z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 b: S3 {) X$ }) `( j( Q) x+ B  h
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 @' P2 ]: q. P" `; V5407 I/ `8 k7 n$ ^) A! u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 T. u+ z+ C" x$ n. cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ i* a9 T" `" Z* G+ p  d
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& u  i0 W# U3 C8 n% ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
# C. q. _8 n- }# H, u  ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 D+ O, y$ O8 g& s$ C8 Y1 d! Oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& Y7 ^  T5 j; q* |
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) j0 x6 }1 |! R9 Jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 `, M. g7 }2 n2 i+ ?" g" ?
of papilledema.
: U$ r) g0 z( ]7 MLaboratory Evaluation
8 t. A3 c2 y4 W' E+ n) [The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( l0 T; Q! w9 c; y
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# D) a& d" ]3 }# L, r
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
! E# M5 s1 `+ ]' @) b- Gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* O  f; X+ B. N- \/ ]3 [# J1 l# Q
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' I5 ]  Q9 g2 G4 P3 `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., o, v7 Z: {9 T; K1 Q1 N/ k* `# ~9 Z
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; C0 g( U' Z* A+ b* d
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) d8 c3 T0 C7 g" \, L
within normal range for his age. The concentration  ~% c5 O2 D9 B/ ]
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, C$ @  V, P& r% l& w( ~" D0 ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! m' {9 l+ @# F7 @9 |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# }: t# h! H- U: T( P6 Tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( q- Z, {+ K8 r. x, c
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 S( x! K5 l8 x0 P, i# k
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 C9 a5 S1 n" Z" i9 f+ B" }% Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 ^1 z' P. y) h* M, A# V7 h- q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" E0 X, i$ e7 ^9 s% _
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 |# E/ G% M% l& b& Nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! v7 f# H, U# P9 [% y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, c0 U& g2 }; Fstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone( R. x( x' _4 f$ R
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 X: @3 L& \; Q) S! g! b$ H0 q. j) C
(prepubertal).
( k7 R6 q' s/ m* LThe parents were notified about the laboratory
! B5 y  U; V9 dresults and were informed that all of the tests were
4 ^- J2 i$ @* I' T1 B9 J. _normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ m" Y9 Q0 {7 H' o! B8 I7 Q( cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# Q" d. H) x. T/ G1 R
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- Y% D+ Y, A4 M7 j5 [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.; z' ]2 e# _# t  w
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& V. }! x3 k4 G1 x- Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% y, Q6 H5 v( S0 b1 y' l( h7 D2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
; E& b5 [0 v% U+ J  v- V" U: iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 `9 g: v) C5 S* O, N  [5 a. T5 r7 w
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; K* `4 y) k0 c# f9 Gthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 J) e! W8 B: G+ p2 g
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% q! _/ N3 W- r, o
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
, t- K/ e* a3 a2 Q1 ning frequent erections.2 \3 w" Z2 r- g4 |: y+ n! E
Both parents were again questioned about use of
+ W1 R. G  o+ n( \, q3 r1 vany ointment/creams that they may have applied to2 k2 Z) V+ k2 U1 I( V: ~
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. ~% |5 i8 z: d+ l+ }* a* rTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 `- c$ E8 T# f& }3 z- I  m
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 b" E1 {. g1 k' D) @2 S$ T
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' F2 A, z$ J' ja year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
9 C$ |, w( x4 B8 E, Ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. J% f: O9 C8 m* `8 kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido6 P# A5 w- m& B0 |" t3 y2 z1 I& W
secondary to depression.
2 c- T0 M( H1 S% dThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
# s' F3 j0 \2 i5 I- t8 @) u; @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& x- e0 r0 O; ^# f4 X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 g! ]8 B* r7 f# Z6 s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
! c  |2 [4 K8 n. iThe father also admitted that after the phone call,2 @8 S( n5 ~1 d( `' i1 r0 E, y5 X7 L
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& m# o0 U1 D- P4 h" ^was high, he then read the product information
$ `  m# Y# }) y* [" bpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& c+ _; i: D0 {7 n% d( b. [+ K/ Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they+ |% ]4 n$ A: D. N+ g" z) L3 Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
& j( R4 Z1 r) m7 e8 k3 S: Jfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 M1 [! s7 L+ l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone3 _- v& U7 n. Q# ]5 j% L9 s
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
' t& u, z% U+ w9 Wlaboratory to obtain the test.
6 H, t3 A& @6 ?$ bDiscussion- G( {$ ]% p. |
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
  B- f$ J$ d2 Q. dsexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 q- ~7 A1 Q8 O) i; a; _9 j
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% }+ ^5 ]" ^2 }it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ t# J: z5 K$ b4 T) u6 m( `thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* L& u( E, ~) ], w/ _+ c
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 {( I; w; C. r4 Vmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 S( u6 d& d9 S/ T- g5 E6 o, `( x, Nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
  w. l$ v  F/ Y1 o7 h' z- n2 @9 n' _amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* {3 W) u/ E/ O3 h
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
& z* S8 Q5 q+ j8 r/ O" Eboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-* H2 @6 a# U% _
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" h  y5 w9 V- X4 R5 vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! b& T0 V2 n. }3 J* `) c9 a
gonadotropins.1,3  _2 U$ W4 ]( S& s/ V
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- J0 y9 y; ]" C" ^, F. ~2 ?cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: ]$ i" h( \2 Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
' U% A3 A- |; Y) z, qexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( \9 ^5 R1 N6 x/ n2 W; [ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 ~9 @; ^3 v  D5 n# J, B$ acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& }: O! _1 k4 ]& O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) [9 P7 v1 H2 J4 x! k7 L
puberty in boys.3,47 Z2 ~; e- h9 {+ Z- E7 @- s* @
The most common form of congenital adrenal
$ ~0 ~' B8 p+ z4 j5 Chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.* T5 v2 ?; R; {0 m
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( p# O' c" R- M: t2 jexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 g6 b8 P$ Y$ T" O( w3 d8 Y8 _an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, F- i9 _+ P/ |+ w; e! _2 @8 F: o/ Texcess.1,3
: H5 \8 Y1 A' c6 n4 wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 a6 @. O) n, s* T542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( G6 U; H% @4 k  c1 h" C- g8 Q
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
% s3 ~4 q" e7 |5 ~0 {' H8 A" s$ rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known! C( _/ F. O) q1 A6 S3 L% X
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# f8 H+ m( M" M  v  f/ U+ Pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
, v# D- }/ U/ h' n- C# fwith this disorder are full pubertal development,5 I6 [: d' L: o4 v" F$ G
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. v" Y0 z& c% m7 d) N9 _with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. l3 Y. P7 Y+ X2 V* I3 q$ C; Yare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show% B" I/ {1 r9 U
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 j' V2 p$ ^6 C# Z8 p# g
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked  t% J+ z  z1 e. K( o- O) I
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only) O: P9 ^" E! {7 j; g
males; therefore, other male members of the family; y1 V6 x1 m4 `
may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 J/ d7 [# F( z2 Y* G( F8 jIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
* y5 k3 W) [8 \" x; ?sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-  V3 B: c0 r9 B
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ p6 s; i% C  R: X$ C: Q( s* Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father0 Z1 j: P+ C1 O. k3 X3 e, K% P! ]
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* e3 _9 ]3 s- \$ G9 Y
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the/ z, b6 X, b" G# _( Z
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-  C* m" A$ O) A2 O
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ |- N/ L& J3 t  A# b8 ~biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
# B7 V# m  R7 u  G( h4 f9 g& `7 Z9 W6 Zeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) w* I  O( X$ b5 n0 }& D  j
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ ^4 U- H$ W7 U2 _- _
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" a5 q0 ~/ X/ p; r& jThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& I" I/ _4 |# W/ p5 g( k8 z. i  S" A
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because* k5 m/ K8 j* i6 D5 S6 f7 F% I
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 P" [' y! J- O7 Mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 h. k  T0 U1 @7 j  I
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 ~* O( g8 U- p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. N$ Q$ x3 h6 p# P: O  M
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’5 B% `. r) }4 l/ U' L
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or, M( S0 }% T; z$ P
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" k/ L! i5 B; E7 y) Q1 t4 G7 |1 z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 w& z4 i+ q. L4 OSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 u( w; X2 Q/ ]
baseline value in those females who were exposed to$ c+ ~2 W6 @! D
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 x+ W. L, |" |! i0 ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 L5 D! Q5 P! o# ?8 }) V/ c0 etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; g9 r/ [/ X0 |$ yOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,- B4 E$ Z0 W7 h- ?1 f
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! ?$ M0 _5 h+ B' mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! \; F# {* u; xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 [! G0 Q. m. J+ gactive in young children exposed to testosterone4 d4 j( l& J( L) Q' `
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-) |* R3 O' b" H  y' T2 u6 n& ^7 t; R
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
0 ]: C! x2 X+ `6 P, e, a! z0 ?virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ p; O, \2 R1 w* ~6 q2 p1 d0 I& s
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 I# ^3 ^8 e* W  hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' q! f6 f. J- {2 l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 a2 e& C7 D4 L8 I5 M% @
early childhood on pubertal development and final
* |4 N1 l1 U! H7 J9 U; Uadult height are not fully known and always remain( ~+ u3 Q3 U- ?: C  K; g  N
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
. _* K% e6 u; y: Kterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 `; Q. R* D, u, c: t5 Hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% ]7 U+ p) n* h' K( p# O4 I( A+ O3 icessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ [0 b$ G- \: w; O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ _8 C3 I; i; v% g9 i+ I, ~! ~There are conflicting reports and controversy
' s/ c7 B/ ^2 b- ~, M  }7 _over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, N1 w+ E! p  g1 k7 Cpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 \  A& N% F- X; A- _( F' t! S" y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; L5 Q# C2 }7 Y# Q7 j2 rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 }3 D( C2 s* y( y# A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
" C& O, a' P; i  O2 \childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. ^2 K3 S( b( m  epenile length in clinical studies.
9 y! [$ N+ X, q5 _! aNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is7 D' U9 f1 [/ ]  `
going to experience any of the untoward effects from2 O6 l* C: E/ x
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 b8 z' E5 ~0 Kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 g" o+ m$ Q7 d
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of' S4 {  ~  @1 R, z
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ K/ l; L' s1 P, S/ Z9 x! Fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( ^% H9 S" D: Mheight will not be affected.
8 ^0 j& e7 l' S& d( w: {Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
9 n% [9 \) {! [( V4 `ability of androgen products in our society may
9 X* U6 m, Z- z6 C. M2 Uindeed cause more virilization in male or female
" A, g% \+ }9 y: i3 V2 Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) l' n3 n0 Q5 q0 e$ q/ Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 I( c- \. ^& G& o9 _2 Otioning about the use of a testosterone product or: |9 ]7 W8 P5 Q& a  s
gel should be asked of the family members during+ x2 y: @# z0 J0 ?; }5 K4 t2 U
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- D% I% L/ ^3 t7 E0 vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
7 r+ n' X' @, ^1 m$ @- ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by
' b/ `* H9 g$ ]' {" \6 y+ Aappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 g% P" u+ d# w3 Z7 \& ?$ ?history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; L) j, N+ ~# ?0 M9 Wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive  b8 g: z( f/ r- ~$ H, N
investigation. The primary care physician should be  _+ T5 o: Q$ L
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 i5 c1 J+ |8 y/ F2 L
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 b* r% g8 ]  {( tDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
  z0 s, \! W- h- t  q$ Hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
9 E7 c1 b- @4 I8 q6 ]) w* {female child who might come in contact with some-
' x% q  p! L+ ^2 Aone using any of these products.
0 W: Z# g. H$ q) k5 Z* fReferences
7 f' f% i9 _9 v7 K1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* L# `: V0 G- h9 O8 I+ e- Vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: D/ Q" b* i, d" ~6 C: Z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 Q+ e& z" g: z; i4 x6 {
2002: 565-628.
  r9 n6 ]. a7 \2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) e/ t9 ]) W8 |' H7 p) U5 g; T
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

+ F  M6 Z, ^1 q, r. Z8 Y4 Y精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
 分享同時學會感恩,一句感謝的話語,就是最大的支持!  歡迎交流討論
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