繁體中文
不翻译
简体中文
English
繁體中文
日本語
한국어
切換到寬版

WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ |( k+ k0 x) A' c" vBoy Induced by Indirect Topical' C& K+ }& }- \; c" R
Exposure to Testosterone
3 [8 [' i: m) n  W" G/ R0 ^* JSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2/ R# c( N) E# G; W& |
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 E. h+ V3 Q5 l; `( [' h8 O( |
Clinical Pediatrics
9 D* E4 ?- @4 b) KVolume 46 Number 6( ~$ L% }) E/ r0 R& H  x
July 2007 540-543# _8 n1 A2 U- b' h0 W2 \
© 2007 Sage Publications  o# Q9 e, u' _6 E, x
10.1177/0009922806296651
) u/ h. [/ q* m$ j# X9 Whttp://clp.sagepub.com
+ x- I9 M- _2 Q# }- dhosted at
9 ?# O0 \1 w  t1 ?http://online.sagepub.com7 s# M* q- L  d% J) q
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* W+ `3 p8 T) y' `; u- e' Cis a significant concern for physicians. Central& |* H+ O  Z0 c! |! e7 X
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) P8 e2 z4 `( L2 G8 l; [# Bthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 Z( z# h! b' }% J5 F# o7 U( j
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ X* C3 P0 [2 _( n& H6 Y" Z! L4 @lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ y9 C- ]" S' i3 O) R5 R1 L
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
$ ]; a/ `) S0 E1 s, Shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 X9 Z/ S: y2 a0 D+ U# x* N/ D9 acles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 E# \# k; ]' T( G- \2 B) i1 p
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; z7 v! s/ U& B  r% }! b3 y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) D! l# F% X' iment without testicular enlargement, which was due
* c. X, \8 p. Q$ Q/ H) nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 ^* M3 }- n1 ~9 G* Gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: o$ N+ B. b. e( qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 k% z! v3 m, y9 w+ Cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
! B6 V0 Z( C& \: Z! Q& ltestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
/ c( Y3 \; [% m) F4 W& ?bly more common than the rare case report in the# j- D! X/ }' L6 E! k3 s; T+ u2 ~$ _
literature.42 E# v+ p0 O! {, w- d4 h
Patient Report. b+ ^9 t# _, t) C6 t! M& O
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 g! n8 ]; }5 kendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ B! [8 U! s3 h7 k5 q5 X
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
; z( r; Y  r7 c! U7 olight colored pubic hair development when he was7 V1 P$ i0 V9 \0 w3 w. k' a
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 r) P# _1 |% x8 m/ M/ RSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
7 g) G1 ]+ H( h' G- w9 R. L4 _4 dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- q7 H* P4 |1 _( o) w$ {Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& M0 L, k: H" vMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
' s! A4 a9 l, [* y; oe-mail: [email protected].
, b' p3 p4 Q) [! A2 T5 x/ Zabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 N* G3 O0 `* y/ z6 A0 |darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-+ D8 g0 T1 g, s
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( k+ V& V( `& O; Y# `; J
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with; _9 l3 M6 b+ L$ [
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" l, W# u: Q5 R8 E* Z5 y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year  y1 L" D& [1 G4 \
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ D3 Z2 G: k0 e4 m" S/ u& W
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 F+ E# L) L4 |$ o+ t7 X; @and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
$ z7 ?3 T' y  o, G3 y9 A: twas age appropriate.
( e2 ]3 Z2 W6 @8 c+ G* G+ oThe family history was remarkable for the father,9 Z2 Q2 g/ a0 O& [
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! c  D9 o1 U- ]( ]which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 T( ]( ?+ v! R
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
* x) v; e# y3 g, ^early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.1 y+ g! }$ P! P# ]
The father denied taking any other medication. The
% @0 a5 {, h7 `child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche0 T* G4 x* O& h% B) b4 `
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( L' ?* K" \8 _5 V1 O6 a
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! U1 i: U5 ?4 }* C8 n
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 C" j/ Z: U- K- V' N7 E
tives. There were no siblings.
7 ~( _$ m6 i  i1 s' Z5 `Physical Examination
8 R( E; h& I9 T1 {The physical examination revealed a very active,  r0 R. G4 C3 n' k  `# \& M9 z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented$ n* B# o" r" `1 \/ {
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 Y' f* w1 N$ z: [( r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 b8 T& P/ y/ a6 ~# E2 t( F3 _
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- c: M1 U/ O# @5 Y/ w+ l3 e
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
1 r6 H& J' H  T: kthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.; ~% ^. N1 C% n! C3 W
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for' T7 g% y6 i0 H- f' p/ Q/ u, r
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
9 N  a8 r( J1 U$ a( f8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ O* ]. m2 {# E! [- {developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
& T& @& w2 {0 h! M5 H# _2 B8 b3 M540, g) l3 e; J/ m1 ?, K# C+ A% c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 G# I4 p* V5 p( `/ _2 Tthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' @% p# Q1 a- t5 e& m$ l% W3 z8 C3 B$ y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  W: ~  V9 K+ J2 s
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. J) Q5 M) e& m& J" c# i; E
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! W% i- Z) o# B6 M+ A& ?abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! a. b+ r% }. L4 w7 ?* Y
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+  {. j4 j& k7 {! e+ n; h0 C0 i( z
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
& }$ L5 T; I2 ^8 T4 C$ }2 Yof papilledema.
# D. b( R5 i+ P" m7 hLaboratory Evaluation
: c4 q* y2 @+ G! d$ oThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 r$ [0 _+ Y) n4 j0 y8 w
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: P: I( J6 Y8 R% i$ X1 F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
$ p2 J9 D0 {: K1 {7 {6 pkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test4 a/ E+ b6 e5 y( ?
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; M0 ^4 f  e8 l! }2 F/ h1 g; blating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% f( z* w" q& n0 u1 P( _
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 B$ B8 W8 h( k  E8 @9 Ourea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ D8 z3 y; m. S4 Y% z
within normal range for his age. The concentration& P' q$ g; M4 Z  k% ^/ i: G- V8 l
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 b6 J$ A) e) R' p(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( G. t" W+ _' h3 a0 g  B3 W' I2 wng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-: p1 w# J( @! F+ R+ b" `! S/ I
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
2 I* z! R7 Q$ f" t  U% Pdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 X* `8 ?5 }3 P
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: N' F9 z& r6 `was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-; X$ l; W7 _2 D: i  h8 M6 R
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 a! L/ p$ L: `' M* Q
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
* F! o( f" A) M& P5 `  ^and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than% s$ z  F- {  I- K, w- Z) m
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
; ~3 p0 j$ r# J3 ustimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
7 F9 `" Y7 k0 y5 pconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! E; _: L$ q0 Y! W8 {+ `(prepubertal).5 n5 \9 I8 ]# K; y6 {, j
The parents were notified about the laboratory# Q+ y; \, N' K" u
results and were informed that all of the tests were. G; s) ^, m& d7 E' B/ y
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
4 U( a/ }/ h! Q! b  O% nfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- O; G8 Y) J" C  o; Dobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. ?& z$ X9 i" H2 ~+ p
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
/ \" `! M7 J5 ZPhysical examination at this time revealed that the# C! |* v3 w  C+ d+ ^
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained! f+ J% {8 O0 u6 x6 z) Y7 w
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 x' L* o9 F: s& t0 L( j3 Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 `  b+ d( t# K
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at$ a- `' c3 h9 T! U- S
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( g6 \( J# c. N& i5 H" X/ m
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' `- A& X, R6 s0 }; A
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
8 L9 E0 }6 s* `+ |$ Wing frequent erections.! S( U. d/ b% h8 M, Y+ l+ e
Both parents were again questioned about use of8 D: \/ r4 c) G0 p
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 I( ?6 J  A) \& N8 K0 J+ ~: S' b! vthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- N/ Q; g8 [( GTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% x$ l7 t  p! p, a8 ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 g3 {. @0 k' d/ p2 A5 \* `ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for# g, P- P: v+ y; P  V
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 b) e2 ^5 j& F2 v' B, q: {to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" }* h7 C% e6 V: B* X
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
- O9 T9 {/ G: g9 e7 k- r; msecondary to depression.
) M- t1 p2 q  @/ r5 p1 AThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
- ~5 k' l  R- yThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. k* z+ Q0 @" W" I, qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
" }4 z5 D, ~/ e& I% ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
2 q9 ^5 @  W" @The father also admitted that after the phone call,. {9 U6 L0 J- _+ ~# G4 w1 w
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: f" r- I: A( M! q8 y" Y- ~9 Cwas high, he then read the product information4 g5 V: x+ b' _8 O; ^
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
: d& E$ g1 q* m3 \. A9 m  Z2 R: Zson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, G. @' l$ ?( G! k7 t- Fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 C& ]" Q0 |# f# T8 Y8 kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had% A6 H7 [/ B7 I/ I
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ p( [2 u& g' Z: W- ?2 qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the& z1 z" y& z9 Z: ?% o
laboratory to obtain the test.9 G" N! q4 z3 S+ k8 I
Discussion8 _! y' a& a' R$ j' E1 u4 a; Q9 J8 F! V9 j
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% l$ }  S0 Y1 k8 I) R, usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4+ G1 S2 N1 k1 s/ `8 \7 _
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when% J8 Y; m* z; h: {# l) V
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-% i7 c" a, t. ]4 h
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 R. o7 D- V4 {# D$ y# L
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
4 d8 c7 ~9 S! L2 cmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
" y0 v, ~$ \; h' Vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 C) o- Z% M4 ?5 y1 iamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-, _# W# W0 f. }$ d+ u( ]
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! i# [4 A, g9 ?6 Vboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
8 H+ ?( l  A/ s7 q& I* Lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- y5 j+ e- e4 N* D3 Nrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- S8 s3 W! K+ N) h. I) h9 }) ogonadotropins.1,3
% ^% z# v( `# }+ V7 UGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* M0 v1 M2 [, |6 ~/ _cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
  _3 A( a$ m7 {& tandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 n; Q" ]) X6 jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. e  }$ w9 Y6 Y6 O3 s: l" Rulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 |' g, a7 v+ f
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive. t8 f# Q* U9 g3 R9 M6 r. ]' e
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 }& b" B: Q5 ]
puberty in boys.3,4
* h3 X* H1 D# C0 y. _: oThe most common form of congenital adrenal3 w* H7 D  P' P8 g
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# ?3 E. Z! E' o% M; ]# VThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" V/ o+ x. {( x5 }' fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) ^# D4 p' l9 a; xan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen( e* n; m! _# g; n/ V/ a' c0 |
excess.1,3
7 }  N; y) M! Qat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 k/ W9 R* I' i  R! G
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" T' X0 T# ^- `& bA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( I* X6 G. N6 }2 M
independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 P6 {  c' v! e$ P+ C, I. S
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a* N8 x) m: O% q, b2 M
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
- [# F6 ~) {' x: Pwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 G) e* z6 _8 Wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys2 B% f1 h& Q7 r" ~7 ]9 O0 v4 w& |
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' {+ }$ x. @. ^; q- \3 H8 u$ n
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 Z7 V# f6 D! S  opubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- N2 N: @' Y5 l, r) C  ~0 T) |& zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked/ i$ e3 k% K9 }4 M1 {0 ?
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
6 R: ]* T" U5 T$ z% ^( m$ [males; therefore, other male members of the family
# H: A- l! O3 A6 w1 h1 \) B! Q' R) {may have similar precocious puberty.3
/ L$ `: v8 }2 b: q5 eIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" k8 }! K# k  V" ~+ b
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
1 s: X4 _4 D* u. x9 B( ?9 L0 Ocles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis# A" h1 v1 a. c5 i% ?
was in the differential diagnosis because his father, A% O4 I1 V5 }3 x- a6 s/ c) z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 i' M$ G. X& F$ o
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' W2 W# H' U! d- Obeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-' j3 w2 K$ Y; q2 t( f" ~0 C
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 D# ]* A) j, s6 N
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,8 T# n$ [! L) i7 j" @7 j  X: d
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 y; h9 s" K8 I  s
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
6 M# o% |, N$ K. oing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
: N+ b0 m% M8 r+ `6 {The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly5 i& m6 ^. m- P; H
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, a+ A/ T' c# x& E5 _: E! Cthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. `; U- ^8 o2 rpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) ]5 V; [  t- J. g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. O4 A( t/ Z% q& ^- N4 Vterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
' m# {, U& P; c/ @. m/ p0 D. B! Iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
: U* i- a3 ^) [! b# J6 r+ yDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' O1 M6 ]! T9 u8 ]cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to! c" |' @+ F) r$ @# s" Q0 N
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& B( f1 J/ h  _7 H8 A) f; uSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 `2 @, I" L% L# Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to+ A. L! C& E3 x1 y8 @) m# [' ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 R* I$ _. |% i; ~$ E+ U9 Fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-$ q: \  S/ X% W) k4 ^9 b  a, o
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 ?. ]. K; L, h* q$ TOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" t0 c9 z$ I( k' a" B' gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! A4 b6 I* p% j8 N; h6 q2 Bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( A" p, Y. l$ @8 |terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 k0 o% \& t" I# [
active in young children exposed to testosterone6 M% c, i: |, ]+ ?
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  J; }& ]8 i/ K) Wdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- q+ m, J) z; H7 N9 J# {virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: {$ M0 M+ ~1 q+ B  r+ f- z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 y7 x1 F3 U8 Dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.( \2 W9 [- y& g0 y- g3 @1 R6 j
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during) ]0 c& ^& t$ W/ Z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
( H' P" P# u! W/ Nadult height are not fully known and always remain
5 k  i6 |3 R6 T: K+ Aa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 s& {$ j* }4 R7 t, z' {! {terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
  p' H1 M3 i- N* X3 S3 t& I/ E$ n; aacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after) `8 r  A9 Q& j0 h) y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 X/ D) U1 [$ r7 B, c0 I- X3 ^decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' [1 D4 v% K8 e" Z4 M( b7 b! x7 i! r; ]& zThere are conflicting reports and controversy
' I: R$ a$ ]5 iover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; h/ W/ l7 Z6 G3 p( Hpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; n* s& ~8 ~* N1 l( J5 xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 n) \" |, C+ Y6 B- Gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
7 y; ~8 N& r/ \, m" L: H9 uSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 q7 [5 }; h7 E+ ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! ?: j& F( t) L6 f( x" o7 |& r
penile length in clinical studies.$ d5 U0 Q" j# {' D- L
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is: I* w4 D5 G0 h2 {: R" X" F- U
going to experience any of the untoward effects from2 }# z+ a2 l8 \0 |
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' h# u# @5 ^. @3 H& V- o
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
. R# s6 B: E8 o  [9 NAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ j3 t" s: y' J1 \: B3 tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 [) Y# ], e0 |& x9 E0 e" pthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 |. X/ ]9 ~6 Bheight will not be affected.
+ P3 N5 `/ [- {0 ]" ^' a+ _7 ~$ KAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! W5 N/ a: j* d) q$ [6 S/ W0 j0 B6 Dability of androgen products in our society may
. @! ?5 L6 s: Q: }. Nindeed cause more virilization in male or female
% R- w2 B6 v8 Y, |% K' Zchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
& E8 F4 d4 B* l. |. Dgen products must be considered and specific ques-
- n" D2 l+ R5 M4 N+ ^tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
- Z: i& v2 a9 p$ ]  M$ O& S7 }! Egel should be asked of the family members during/ p/ Q. O' a8 A: h
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. }1 x* x* S4 gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ {0 Z3 Y' ^6 \# K9 Enosis can be established by just a few tests and by# ?: W- p5 H  Y7 m' \4 ?
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  I! i& a) v6 |" d
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" U& X6 {8 [8 p: J# {; Z+ Kresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
  n7 t$ x) a+ R" b8 o+ e2 d" H: xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' g3 H4 g1 _) n- laware of this fact, because most of these children
- \5 y; {8 ^7 T- nmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- S0 l! S4 y" ^. r0 a
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a" a2 `5 h4 Y* ?, p$ w/ H& D% N; d
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 r- l! @! ?$ ]) Nfemale child who might come in contact with some-' B! m( q; \0 }- C& D
one using any of these products.2 v+ s  V. K$ J, I+ Y: ?
References
0 E# B4 ?7 n5 [  n6 Z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation  F) G+ M  M3 r1 m# O6 [
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 c% Y1 {+ A  ]& [
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;# ]. p5 F0 k5 p( f4 R( ?
2002: 565-628.
( }2 w/ X4 y2 ~2 U' t8 V# }2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
% Q5 V2 C! z7 J7 t& S" v; X7 Apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  ^; ~* o/ N& ^* OBoy Induced by Indirect Topical6 ^& M# g* {- G' H3 L$ U
Exposure to Testosterone/ H4 f# b; m' w7 Y, F8 ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% ?' E6 E4 T( }: ]- ]
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ @  `& U$ d. ]Clinical Pediatrics
. i  K' S, G& x7 L7 Q0 {Volume 46 Number 65 `" \3 n. ~1 ^" w; k( `* {4 U
July 2007 540-543' Z. d1 N$ m9 V; r) H! n) |' O
© 2007 Sage Publications- O. z4 f1 Y4 ~4 `" ]; {
10.1177/0009922806296651: X: j6 m; O* x& R: K
http://clp.sagepub.com. T, {4 L: m2 d/ J5 W' P
hosted at, B( w6 t" B7 _' _; x/ u2 R, P8 Y
http://online.sagepub.com3 A8 ]+ j% C( `
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) {  N1 ]; S2 ]7 b) \, z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central  Q# L4 E1 s8 ]! W" p- S
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 l) [& i# e  t! p, Z# D
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- W1 w3 J) l( z+ `; w5 R, La higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 I1 q% Z" ?1 d8 R
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) h6 w" ^4 ^( C5 m2 ~
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
! c# H$ ]/ _5 n4 t* A/ D: M1 Nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 t3 `( @7 q! j/ Z, q$ S/ ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' k! e  P+ N: y% w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ T/ J4 o4 W& ~' _) W) B! g/ M
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. Q" Y4 q5 `/ L3 U5 B  N1 q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 l( M7 m* w0 L* b4 c. ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
) m# G2 f0 _6 p) X6 Jthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" z+ D' K# Q" _  F) u9 fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# ~6 p& \) V: q4 _/ s0 E( O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
% x. _. G- I0 `8 U) l3 L3 Ptestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ B7 J& O8 W  _
bly more common than the rare case report in the- b" Y  u+ t1 \# f" W, E
literature.4. U% E6 s5 P+ V8 L+ k
Patient Report5 S, h* D+ z' ]: J" r$ I
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ s# `+ t' {' A6 W
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 }3 m8 c9 R! F5 r/ ~4 @2 O
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
  f: @8 p! `# j# q. }, N4 y! t3 [light colored pubic hair development when he was* t3 O" \( G, m( ~5 h
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 o, q% ^; o$ Y$ G+ L
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* v; m2 I: m# B9 }; DAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
. E  G$ L1 l5 N3 Y2 rProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of$ Y. ]1 R# C- x
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) l, d5 z0 i. m& t+ ^# L. l- p
e-mail: [email protected].
1 }  w* e0 ~0 {& p7 Gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* X) k9 I6 P; p4 zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-: i- ]6 t" U2 L' h& s. N$ @' W1 E+ h
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child% o" W- L) ?  w0 h0 P- Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 M% T) a' m( J6 S  s, D! Q# g! @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ Q, p  D4 F. G4 e0 |4 `20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 {- i2 A5 r" J! w) r; W0 mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with: x# ?) z* b6 r
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 F$ H1 ?7 p% H2 H- h5 @5 W# n/ b
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 M) O0 l! @; m9 J; J  F! d! L! a
was age appropriate.- H( H  a0 n8 v
The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 {5 G8 `7 p0 e7 H5 iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% l# b, \6 z. Z, lwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, Q% L: q# }0 Yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ F; L; z  I/ o
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 e+ x' o3 K- B) n- X
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- ?0 f0 T. _1 Ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
# w! J4 W; L$ S, X% p. K2 a8 Ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet# H, v' L: n( X+ k6 I0 B; s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
+ ]0 @& a. ^; e1 m# G, @cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! L: x( s; b$ c
tives. There were no siblings.7 U% X3 @3 g5 U' X0 u+ x! Q
Physical Examination5 @* v" Z, R5 t: T: f' U
The physical examination revealed a very active,# ^* C% _4 Z/ f6 p1 V6 u/ ?' l
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 U2 U9 D; n7 p1 Q) V" E! y3 Ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 J) T( e/ M4 Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- Z5 v, Y# k' D# {
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. @. q& O) S3 o. j% L
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! {1 K: e: q( {( e, T% ^9 s3 Fthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 C/ y2 D2 o1 y+ q$ C- n/ A
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; z( R$ i, I4 v0 M( ]* G& Henlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ [. B# j) a8 y
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ X9 n+ O' ~1 n: d
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) {. m  n& B& y3 J% ]/ l$ u540/ M) B5 w5 Z2 M- d& |1 _' }
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 }, M+ ?# u. x8 E; Z! h
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# R1 s3 m3 ^0 m, l' F
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 O$ E% N* g5 L6 MThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat  D4 ^* `4 b7 Y) }/ h, |& V, }7 Y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# N  P7 D5 [# K1 t+ f. @7 ?' m" A
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- R- p0 Y. Z/ h3 r6 o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 B; ]$ t+ I+ ?4 B( g) g
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" X3 O. Q( K( rof papilledema.( ~* p. V) @: {1 a4 {+ k
Laboratory Evaluation' }# ~+ |7 d3 ^7 U7 M) ]/ H1 _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ Z* V) E6 G6 b  X/ N- k/ Husing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 E* p1 z, h5 U* v/ {$ `- {- glogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal# c* F) ]- k2 m1 i* T$ t- k( S$ O
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 o1 h8 k% R- n" _/ s* H6 T
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-  b$ N! L, @7 |6 B: F5 I" ]6 ~  m
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).) _. H$ s7 d; j5 v+ C
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
3 \4 I5 `5 A2 y6 h8 t- o+ {! I$ Purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; ~$ \* @+ K# D, b0 n
within normal range for his age. The concentration* y! x& t4 p- g+ n0 d% K8 ^2 ~3 J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" I6 N" Z( e. r' O6 g/ T$ D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* ~1 q8 n+ K' R. H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-& E9 S9 }% `9 @/ F( q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 m6 H8 n- V$ d; y5 G" W1 p
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to5 p/ X* y- a. s% W0 x
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* [! n. w* W( a4 Cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
4 p2 J  X, M; T* s! ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ a5 f, I3 I* A( i
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 d3 k4 F# F' h6 L# C
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; C& Y' V- x% s7 F' Z
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- ^: n4 \1 ~, a: ^1 c  Z4 \; `stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* N; l6 J; H6 u1 L" p6 |8 sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; ~3 _8 L& K7 Q* n6 F% E(prepubertal).
6 d9 G1 c% |0 jThe parents were notified about the laboratory. e' G2 ?8 m8 t0 q% P/ V; i
results and were informed that all of the tests were
  N4 m& x7 t- G& y, {normal except the testosterone level was high. The; n/ N3 U. H% g- \5 |
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
. m% P; F$ N: A0 z4 `* ?obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 C* |8 y% \& e# Z3 u* r. Kever, the family did not return for 4 months.# ?' X+ K" i- w; T" g/ C. d% P! U
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
6 e% A- o3 P: B2 h8 ]# m  ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  Q- v8 [4 t0 E1 P2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 ~$ d" R1 m3 d/ c2 |) h5 L7 `" _
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 T* _# Y  s- j5 F. ?3 f6 Y. \$ ~pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, ~/ [  b% O2 p0 g7 j2 h5 Dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 g3 i/ l7 E6 |- u" y5 H
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* W2 m* [% v0 O' c( `The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
4 m0 M  q  D; E, f+ y8 Y$ J* O$ xing frequent erections.
7 E6 L9 K, s' i$ r1 \# |$ U" JBoth parents were again questioned about use of
) _# k! V! r3 @# @any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 }' ^& ^0 w; ?
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 I4 i$ X% [( l4 a1 jTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! q5 g/ u$ _! u9 h2 t: \4 g, e$ euse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# R! Y+ W& K) ?
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; U' R1 J. O* @  `7 T6 w5 F
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" t1 _; m; h( d+ p' q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 l' H' Y. E/ b% G5 n6 I6 @# Y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido, C7 y. X, }# R: U' K! J$ o. f* u
secondary to depression.1 e6 {* n- r0 b9 v$ y
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# l7 K6 `% N7 _) C$ r
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his) k/ R4 Q$ k# o2 s' M; o4 @9 d
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-* x+ T7 b/ k; S/ c
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
! m( \5 i) j  h1 l5 j2 y; _, m  Z7 i9 AThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
  P1 w& u, I0 z6 w) m" Hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 Z3 t: Z) Q& `9 h9 R9 }
was high, he then read the product information
6 N6 @: U5 z# u4 i4 rpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. |, H- ]" a; `) w6 j! v: V. Y3 J6 d" P2 ason for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 `: H. S0 `3 `decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' S  ~: D% \: k8 ?: Z8 rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ i8 H$ d& p% \+ ?9 S3 c: V6 C
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 i7 m: j/ d' V  P* u3 G
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* s% E8 c) H+ T  Tlaboratory to obtain the test.
5 a+ l/ c+ X; C7 j5 _Discussion
% _- i; R) r; {Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ m  C' C+ Y9 t1 e: N
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4" [; r/ P" [& O  p- n# O. d
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' J2 h4 [* u- m3 h& V6 Xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& n& w+ e* P" d# U" O, mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 W/ d! R9 T! d& Z/ s# S  N* Pmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 H5 _; H- a8 O- tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is: ^/ ~7 _, N5 w& U
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 W! k. Y, T& M5 aamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
* q. m* ?# R$ S. Ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
2 r+ ~6 e. d' G9 dboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 g# F3 A: K/ mization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 C% Z. H" A4 S7 wrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- j; y8 y* N8 K6 x) J. r( |) Agonadotropins.1,3
: l! d5 a  a4 l0 c4 H$ I0 d: U( \Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, @) G5 ?! a  N' w! ocious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- k6 ]( k& W! G& d- ~% Aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) u/ z* D% C' h( y- Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-1 }4 I# p: N, I& i1 y6 X: ?' j
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. c% R+ C+ k& ^congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- {3 R; Z6 q$ D8 m  l' eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious7 a( a9 l( k; P# t0 p6 @% {) G
puberty in boys.3,45 g0 n; s: a( T% y* O1 a  N0 U
The most common form of congenital adrenal
. e7 o" w, S9 U; C' phyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 G; x: k3 d0 f- D( y/ W- Q# I
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in8 Q+ u: U5 M6 R8 A4 c  |
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 A( s4 W# \- k1 i
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, F" |$ D% F) n8 ?; \
excess.1,3- b% w' i6 k5 a! R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: i7 \- P! P5 s$ g! u: ]' l
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* C( V8 D( U- X, r( @/ D; E
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& ?  Y( [, ?+ g/ W$ t. B
independent precocious puberty, which is also known& T5 P+ K, S; ~9 S7 }/ x
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! }% Y5 W9 C+ u0 Yvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
: s5 k0 @9 d9 ]7 z9 y7 H; p! O& Ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 W5 i5 G' ]0 j6 Y1 A. n" W* O* Wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& \5 ?& w3 Q/ q* k; W* Z0 w/ @
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder; S% ~% Z  h# G" j$ N' x
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 J# N4 t5 K' Z5 O( B" K
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" e( Y$ ^; w6 s! O0 H& }
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) D; [4 G5 o0 ]( Vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
# L6 j' i' Q) bmales; therefore, other male members of the family
3 l* \6 ^1 D' [3 }8 C, x  d- fmay have similar precocious puberty.3* u, }1 X1 r3 Y! f( O/ [
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ B& ]5 o) R% y) S# r7 \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% q1 J* W" B8 J- H5 b" ~% g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' I4 p! ^/ R0 n2 m0 Q" Dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
) D6 K7 H, a0 Q. w/ R4 ]3 Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
: R, N6 W4 {! btesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
% u; A; }, @2 n$ G+ q4 Zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 x/ I5 f% y0 X$ D' bative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& \4 L3 g  @0 Pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,. T) y% ~' |; U" p& o
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  x5 J0 e& G( ]' g& t/ K% _
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
) w9 |0 ^# U- m9 Ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 _2 {6 g* j, J/ M
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* f0 y& z+ S- p0 Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because* s5 Z% y2 r4 L3 E# k+ L# B' k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ Y$ O) U& I. ~) L: Q. i2 A. C# apearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* W* t$ `% s0 [8 ]( Zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( g- x& p$ w5 S: e& J: T
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was9 e) [- U) Y: a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 ^- u1 q8 z6 c+ M' Q
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% A, @3 E  x; _0 jcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 E/ O7 e' J& N9 k" u4 J
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& n1 T. n# t& JSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- a8 j: _' b4 C8 J  b% Vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 k, I/ N; i. r5 l! yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- J5 K; K: D, L( N  `( |; |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-; ?- i5 {  a, d0 s5 O! c: k
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 a& e% s6 `9 T* W2 t8 N8 Z% uOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ g1 B& Q9 d( z6 [# swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 n# x4 g" l- Q1 w
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ ?5 ^# B: Q5 U( J
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 i* B- Q1 \( M/ `( @2 pactive in young children exposed to testosterone4 V0 h3 z2 I0 C5 e7 X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: E0 Z* y! N( F+ B+ x4 b
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! J; _; F1 p1 o
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
, a$ v  w' t5 i3 ?children results in an increase in growth velocity and
5 A9 R3 L+ l: W. ^7 }advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 L" `3 j& k7 r# w. T3 r1 BThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* |4 Y* D8 r3 ?0 `: Yearly childhood on pubertal development and final
, F4 l8 `* \7 P, J2 Yadult height are not fully known and always remain) A: p& p! `1 Y6 P. C
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( c* C& F+ t: ^- Fterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 F3 w/ I+ ^" o1 L9 k
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
. ?2 j4 M. D# ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 U4 u4 |' ]2 j1 W  jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 z# W" }% d, ^- n% y$ z5 n6 SThere are conflicting reports and controversy
" _' o/ q$ P; u9 H9 m+ B) w* R/ v% [over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# i2 c2 G6 P( I( y" Jpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; O7 C  a! o7 ^% f% T. e# j; Z+ a, Cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. A2 R0 Z( _# R& C) B, y) Mulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However," b% P6 @9 L  ?8 W  }3 j
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
! {: O8 {) `' G9 ?' ]' x0 Uchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, s( ]1 v" g: S, _0 W9 a# P0 g& wpenile length in clinical studies.
3 y# Y# x8 X1 r" W4 T% fNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& J; p0 V( o7 ]) Y6 Bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! @9 f# E% _6 q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
6 g$ B4 }/ N+ b6 tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.  Q* ?: F- M. t7 }- r1 I
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ ]! X9 ^; g+ A. m
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at- n1 i1 h6 f4 ~' l6 ^; O% U
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. k! r; ~7 w$ R# ^) `: M
height will not be affected.* L$ P& G& ~2 ^
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-) o9 `+ I( h- O8 `, d' C, Q6 u
ability of androgen products in our society may7 ^4 `* o6 d, L  W2 k$ s
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
" ~2 x3 P$ c, |; b; A+ echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-0 J( |( _$ `4 Z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-2 K8 D  A4 K+ h' y( f
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 ]2 A( l( U) d' [1 Z+ c7 ^( @  Fgel should be asked of the family members during
4 L$ q8 \* |( w) K: k4 M" {; Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-: @/ K! d9 }$ W4 t6 ^7 S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 I- \$ ^% g; _3 a7 N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by  @' Z* S+ G3 [. U9 S! l) o3 ~
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 a( \/ f/ z* U; T7 ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
, d  a  S5 ^5 {" }# w5 O( N) ^result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ I1 }7 Z9 J1 C8 V+ ~% o# Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be
# @9 Q$ Q: E- @5 P8 caware of this fact, because most of these children2 r) R# N+ C9 ~9 R9 X# e7 l$ A
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ f4 {- K& a2 i# V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
) g0 L0 W1 t& `0 B4 A+ Mwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' w! c; b7 A3 Q  O7 }female child who might come in contact with some-: \! w# n9 m7 T  `( n2 Y5 H' T
one using any of these products.3 c( R* |0 s* G( p7 O! [- Y
References7 S- b; T) l7 w  ~
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 c  ~) e5 s- q7 L# x& j( _and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric, V9 h# ~( g6 R! `0 a/ V+ @
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ J0 N+ o" r; O! Q, M
2002: 565-628.
( H6 g5 ~8 E3 H/ D; u2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 W' C7 y. C! R8 S' h
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

- a) n! h1 a0 @4 e3 f  S/ G# S精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表