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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 o. b$ E$ O: F U5 A$ d% I
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ g! D' E+ Y t9 a4 ^Exposure to Testosterone
3 z1 V9 Z5 m' b% iSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- V6 _0 |" e" v+ S3 S1 J
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 E2 M" Z7 w0 k( G7 F% p4 ~+ bClinical Pediatrics1 y# n- p/ `4 Q; P4 G& Y$ q5 Q6 j) Q
Volume 46 Number 6- l! H5 [3 F/ f' }, ^* t
July 2007 540-5438 c1 z0 B$ ^, X o0 f
© 2007 Sage Publications
( e; b K7 }0 n% y# X10.1177/0009922806296651! e) j% T" Y7 M) `3 Y& n# _: e
http://clp.sagepub.com
) X$ @4 N& T3 @hosted at7 Z7 M3 [5 t1 z) [6 d& C
http://online.sagepub.com
3 ?7 z5 E* J J2 k* U. L& \& K+ UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& f6 s( P9 R: _, P
is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 W& T/ {. t( ?2 T9 E# Y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! E; B$ o( r) M$ A9 B9 h( l8 {through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 e! ^+ Z* C$ A( Z8 Va higher incidence of organic central nervous system( O# i/ s" B2 @
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, b, j8 [3 }6 T5 z5 @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) Q4 V' k$ _% V! I* ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 W3 i2 U' n0 ~: J+ g
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 _" Q! Q& l$ b& V& M5 i; greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
b6 u- v6 ~) ^& Kenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" h i! ?, C5 H/ F( \5 Lment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 U }1 m( N) T9 o' I hto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, Z+ ?& [5 o% ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
( e5 k3 _; t* V; r. l! f: W7 }3 ~8 z7 G! cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
9 i9 w1 h. F, g" I" rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, e# k, W. F- m# Utestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba- I& E0 X) s U2 `# g* Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the. H1 W3 `* C& o# E! V- {/ h
literature.4 G$ y% M; J4 {
Patient Report
) e6 m; u% M4 V$ G1 DA 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 m4 J9 x( \# c- m- E7 m- u
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 V5 e; k2 e. Y& ]of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ F" y4 c- H, |light colored pubic hair development when he was
3 |4 V9 |' o% c. g5 Y. A+ t6 [From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 h y% ?" O5 `8 v! g( o/ f. @9 ?% d$ {
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama., ?! P( E A( ^8 |: x8 p
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 f/ i9 E% ~& o
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( Q# g/ L" b1 o, ZMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 F1 X5 T3 Z) B1 N) }e-mail: [email protected].
6 }( J) a7 d( D! h1 Uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) i. d, Q6 F/ h0 i9 N
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, f5 | c* o4 Fment of his penis and frequent erections. The child/ K- B$ i+ a5 Z9 A3 f& ^
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: ~+ M) I t/ }' L: ~0 t0 P
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ n0 [( _* R- ~. D* Y2 v6 [20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
8 J& w. |+ d% f- }of life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 V- B, e% o! A* B6 B1 F
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, r5 j7 p! g; o+ P3 d6 J' `
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development& [0 V2 u! b! c* \
was age appropriate.
) S. b9 E5 H1 ?6 r% s# i, G* yThe family history was remarkable for the father,+ b8 l1 X6 m0 |" }0 U( k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 k) k4 Q5 Q3 Uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% m5 P4 i+ x. y g$ y/ S
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 t8 Y5 D. w. M% ^
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) h p, w. c$ W8 s% ]6 d
The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 c! A, `5 f5 Tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 x m& L+ S: `3 }5 ~7 m! Rwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ x* g, H) }# f5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& F1 z: `% ]& K8 N+ U
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela- B1 |: e# m& s0 _1 {7 n
tives. There were no siblings.
4 @6 X5 I2 ?! Q4 E- PPhysical Examination
5 \0 G4 L9 f7 P( |* j7 NThe physical examination revealed a very active,
' r6 ~. t/ _: {* j5 {) ]7 d1 {$ F2 Rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 _: w% i1 ~7 ?! _2 u
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 B; f7 o& f5 Y9 V3 ]% I
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, [( g+ D# o% G; I0 J(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 J3 I( z. `+ ]: Z+ c1 h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
p9 T( X' ?) x2 z, `- X8 z, v ?the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ _5 ?/ v7 H6 o3 i9 F( I6 h8 z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# ]5 E" ]5 u1 m9 G9 Eenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: t! o4 ~! ?% d- J! _* B; ?4 j+ L" R4 c/ i8 Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well) c% r v9 W0 x+ q0 D
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 p7 E# R% g4 p' ?
540* t+ @ z; E5 v0 @* l" V* f3 Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( j C" g: J) W# s. U3 Tthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: D( G2 @( l7 K0 Otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
. |/ z3 X# U" Z( q- ]The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, I0 u+ O. V9 `7 D+ yoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
# [4 _& V h! T5 Z8 fabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 m4 W% e/ l+ L" ~Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. t& z; ~) |6 Y) D8 V9 ]6 A
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! S( q7 ^0 C1 M: A
of papilledema.- U: X+ u8 }- B) x( t2 b
Laboratory Evaluation
+ i2 @& _( k0 w4 E- [. a) w% j" R) HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by* z6 \& O* P& n
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 |+ ]0 ]$ s0 ?, F& A- i
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal* m" }3 K T: U3 _
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, w, ?0 I6 w5 S; t+ x8 yshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ ~; e7 |9 G2 \" t9 m& N5 |) n0 P
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ Q3 A* t; z- Z- S# F6 T v
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
E T2 J7 \& a4 c' l ]urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# |, C8 {" s5 ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration
! ~5 x: n3 g5 w& B8 V& k' Vof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
' b9 i8 I$ t6 A9 S: \$ n(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 M1 A8 g5 l. T* r# x* I
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 c7 D/ \- A" ^/ F" G& a& Nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 e6 P- ^/ w/ H: r: G8 d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
; ^5 V) P2 r! Z4 w& v% b# c49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): u, x1 g+ l; K2 ?3 t$ j8 W1 t
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# B" [, p0 T: l
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total: J4 X$ R# l) U; r+ Q# |4 T
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),8 ^. b A0 u& ^0 j5 }4 a# ?* h
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
/ r5 q7 H3 G3 j8 i: C5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' V& q9 A* V& y, f, ]$ jstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 O6 u+ `0 {3 n- F( N+ d2 Z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
1 S# g. ^+ e* v5 N9 F(prepubertal).
$ b6 L: D3 `/ q9 V) Q: J8 M+ G/ ^The parents were notified about the laboratory/ a) N! x, B; W% f+ K6 Z
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 N* `/ A7 R" U* {7 s7 j* j! P4 U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 H4 E$ \/ ?7 R/ Yfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- u% q% ^+ Z+ |4 R% H& u- h
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! R* Y0 U6 t1 i7 W: i; ?ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, |4 X* P2 e) O, vPhysical examination at this time revealed that the1 P# {- R" c- b$ Q* R( C" C/ f' F$ q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
, X; _) S4 I8 X/ m0 q9 R2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
; B* n1 A, P2 E4 W! b+ ]unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( O. F6 x; l: v" S6 _, ^# v Qpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
~/ C: k7 C- Kthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) U2 \- U; z6 f: _) u6 q6 p
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged." r/ x4 P$ S2 W1 W' h# s" b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ C3 D+ Y7 a. _! j) j/ Q# @: a8 j
ing frequent erections.1 @, M; J( o' q7 d% _$ U; D% [
Both parents were again questioned about use of. Y* m; f9 ^: t. U# {1 l! j. H1 q
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 g, f: V3 q; }* h5 `) |* ~
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 S( E, o" B# ?, E, E0 G, F
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 |% W6 y9 M$ \5 ?) F8 I" ]use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 b. [. \/ s2 Y/ l: Ling over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for& Q4 \3 k) d; k& y3 {/ E5 E1 `) g' m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed+ }) v* U* T0 T
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 H4 L) {( p) ]5 j' ^& u& G/ n
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ E# L6 u4 A( T
secondary to depression.* W4 |' U* Z) q1 |6 `
The child slept in the same bed with parents.; l6 ~8 |+ c! ~' d6 b% }! ?9 @4 J
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his$ \- O; R6 m; ^
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
- I, F+ q- Q/ U0 z, D0 e! _6 ^nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
) ?) _) q) I8 ]. W6 p+ X Y% v0 CThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" ?8 ]- |2 v. E5 T$ m& g7 Uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby' B6 C2 ]- g0 d2 W
was high, he then read the product information
5 ^4 s* p% s1 m, C5 }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 p# t+ v4 Q, ^" u9 j3 o$ l, D" ~son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 m# D7 Y1 [) {$ b# \; y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* o! X+ a: {; X# P' Q7 Y( g- Lfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 N* u: d# x# l4 K: B
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 r, N+ ~; @( [; C' Rtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the4 K. [% Y+ e* V- x
laboratory to obtain the test.' [5 {% n! W! r: [% |' K1 R
Discussion* ^3 B0 ] O7 d' ]
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 [, |, M( o8 w5 r9 M* zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 ?2 L8 B9 S! u6 PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ i5 ^6 O2 S5 ~8 o* mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# h) b; R# D5 Q* L
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 `2 ~# I8 B. O4 p& N
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP n2 E+ D$ }- b; F# Y! a3 k
may have a central nervous system lesion that is; O. U# H- Z9 e. G6 E
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 D( g `$ M4 x- e; \3 famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
" |* O- e3 q' O' t* y, gsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in& e/ T f4 T; s2 a+ d3 X9 U
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 k: e8 I5 T. D+ v* e4 ^; s% V$ xization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-* z* h+ G/ B9 R# y
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* j9 c7 s# J0 v" ngonadotropins.1,39 z: o" d- [# P# w* o4 c
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ l4 W3 c8 G$ d* O0 t9 h
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 }: I e/ R0 I- `( ~
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or$ w! G6 f) @0 a/ L) A" h
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. L# w% r4 @. p- U4 Culation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# I; y7 i4 k% z$ [
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* I4 T0 Q2 ?: a: i; F x
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious }1 S8 [+ Q3 r3 L5 D4 X( J
puberty in boys.3,4
0 z! D0 r: ?$ e: M9 LThe most common form of congenital adrenal2 b; Z F' d: h* n) @( V
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( v: b* ^ a$ ^8 d+ Z) L
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 c9 c5 s4 T! G/ a" {
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 X! L" @1 i, O; O; K: g: i8 m" Tan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 z5 u- }, c0 U+ [% _" j3 p
excess.1,3
/ b0 W! b% Q! I8 I2 @$ nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 i$ e. M) V/ O z
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- d0 Q; m1 P/ }$ W7 E
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
7 V% C5 l6 f1 k* Z9 kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
' G6 `% a8 d1 E( z* mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a& o. `0 u3 G9 p; V" D2 |
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 V. S; z: r2 I& J0 B8 Rwith this disorder are full pubertal development,0 l3 t9 L5 P# P% k1 U! {
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 r7 O" e! F6 r5 m/ R4 swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
1 N) }" ?4 M9 L% k/ [8 G3 Hare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& N; S/ I/ R% _3 ?0 \6 t2 }$ Opubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! \3 Q$ h5 Y3 w. |
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) G2 z1 r5 D0 O! \- `# a
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, ^* E% M* F- t% N( M" }7 H" V( u$ omales; therefore, other male members of the family
, E4 K5 v" K' l F4 f0 dmay have similar precocious puberty.3# P5 x/ U- g5 t) E, _1 F& U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 N& S4 @9 x& R6 Usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
! ^5 _+ `: S% P4 K& L6 Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ P" I! Z1 ?, r% Q, Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father' Z$ ~" v% F0 [9 y. T$ Q
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
\, C7 Y0 E3 r( K+ [testicular enlargement is not that evident in the0 \( @. r. E2 a8 x# o# W- {+ c7 [
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! K, Q, W8 M8 n8 }8 X& t
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our( T( A3 q) R! z. v4 G) w2 X
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ ?, ?4 P) k: @% D/ g$ w+ qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ }' u) P; P# udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% I, `% c. z' E) L; k% sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 \* Z2 ~* R6 K
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- _& i4 g! p2 B
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because9 l3 ?$ f7 Z5 B
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-) L$ j; j& O/ u5 @6 z& i
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& v) F8 n7 M' C N
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- `7 S0 \, j- ?& N: t3 f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; o7 f' c/ ?' Y: j. W+ f% ]5 o" d
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" Y4 h! M$ y+ {5 K' O
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 ^- C; n" l! ?& fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 l/ x9 w' S2 L/ s3 S& Yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 K d ~/ B ]3 l3 }9 n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ X0 q( D1 N' f+ D7 hbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 W b+ F. L8 I5 h* _! [even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
/ C6 `3 e) H3 w1 ]7 ^5 m, Vpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' K( c6 X8 a- S. L+ |tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. z) j, F; n+ A1 f& VOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; T& L7 g6 J, ~3 Y. ^$ O
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ F- K) O3 A* D& [5 b d9 d6 Wdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 y- O* O9 m, b/ V
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 {, T4 u0 N8 F* Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone/ U; @3 V- W o1 ~' A2 n1 G+ Z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ L' D! L* R3 H" _4 b2 o% ~
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, d$ h5 `$ T! h- }/ z/ bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( R8 w0 a, s3 g9 z! u% W: E% hchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
- y1 K4 k/ M# f, M: \5 L8 c2 h uadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 q0 E' i+ i3 C' G+ X5 s0 J; Q( iThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during @% M) S# T. }! ?( u/ ]: j5 b
early childhood on pubertal development and final: V; ^& a @' Y+ w) H8 f+ n; }' J0 o
adult height are not fully known and always remain* z9 o: \) c3 I
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
* {. f# z! k- xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 }( B" A3 K* Cacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* J2 a0 t! x8 D/ A' n# tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation, S3 M- {2 ]+ z8 \6 j
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& E0 J* R6 `. Q; ?: P/ u4 @There are conflicting reports and controversy1 l+ M0 f+ e$ d- s4 G
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
- r, k( ~ l C( c' ]penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 H9 e3 H- @2 l7 Y9 b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-6 a4 o6 K7 A2 j$ H6 n
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) }. d5 b( D m3 Q4 ^. g1 DSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between; C! l$ |' R1 E% o
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ r: V1 g8 U, L- k" hpenile length in clinical studies.
d# g* w' b) p2 L, i5 ?; zNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! E: g8 V7 _3 |1 `6 y4 |- bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from; q* A9 |2 f* t
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because& y; q& B& j! u& [% Z, L
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 N8 k5 L2 X3 |7 DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
* b0 o& D$ f, ] W# hdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 y% M0 D! U1 Qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: d' e- n2 O* ^* e5 {1 \
height will not be affected.
$ L# J) T- B+ ~+ vAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% t" C$ W9 s: c& K- R: Dability of androgen products in our society may
3 N; ~' S* I- q# vindeed cause more virilization in male or female ^4 B) {( O( }. X! o- z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 D* K3 G# A! h8 J4 Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
; T* W) W: N% {( qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
/ N2 i8 N& N& U; C7 E. S" xgel should be asked of the family members during; u, h) H$ f& I
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 T6 {2 \8 _8 S" E4 z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 e2 L7 A E8 P) {% \nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% W$ G( @ Q, vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
. ~* l5 d" _, @) ]# Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may$ D6 J$ n0 K# h( |, j/ V6 m) e
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: a* C$ I) ^. I4 t' ], M/ `investigation. The primary care physician should be6 a0 O6 L- u9 v
aware of this fact, because most of these children5 @/ z, ~, @* |: r$ Z2 s' ]& z6 O; [
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’. l- p+ }% e8 _: c, |5 w
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a m' b6 H: x; Z+ V' j1 K' s
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# r2 r% A9 @" ~0 u/ B/ Y6 kfemale child who might come in contact with some-/ n8 F9 o6 g d/ A% X6 d' n
one using any of these products.! v. f8 A$ C7 c7 j! O/ h( S% |
References. Y2 U* t- Q* o' J0 {# d
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
# h. ]) H7 t& [! \1 eand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 x' s3 h6 B' }: H9 v2 b8 |Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 U8 |0 [4 q, t6 z
2002: 565-628.. m& n0 r. ]# k5 Y9 Q( W) o. X8 I; K: A
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 @% X. R9 t4 L$ F1 P
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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