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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
^; ~* o/ N& ^* OBoy Induced by Indirect Topical6 ^& M# g* {- G' H3 L$ U
Exposure to Testosterone/ H4 f# b; m' w7 Y, F8 ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% ?' E6 E4 T( }: ]- ]
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ @ `& U$ d. ]Clinical Pediatrics
. i K' S, G& x7 L7 Q0 {Volume 46 Number 65 `" \3 n. ~1 ^" w; k( `* {4 U
July 2007 540-543' Z. d1 N$ m9 V; r) H! n) |' O
© 2007 Sage Publications- O. z4 f1 Y4 ~4 `" ]; {
10.1177/0009922806296651: X: j6 m; O* x& R: K
http://clp.sagepub.com. T, {4 L: m2 d/ J5 W' P
hosted at, B( w6 t" B7 _' _; x/ u2 R, P8 Y
http://online.sagepub.com3 A8 ]+ j% C( `
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) { N1 ]; S2 ]7 b) \, z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central Q# L4 E1 s8 ]! W" p- S
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 l) [& i# e t! p, Z# D
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- W1 w3 J) l( z+ `; w5 R, La higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 I1 q% Z" ?1 d8 R
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) h6 w" ^4 ^( C5 m2 ~
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
! c# H$ ]/ _5 n4 t* A/ D: M1 Nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 t3 `( @7 q! j/ Z, q$ S/ ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' k! e P+ N: y% w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ T/ J4 o4 W& ~' _) W) B! g/ M
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. Q" Y4 q5 `/ L3 U5 B N1 q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 l( M7 m* w0 L* b4 c. ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
) m# G2 f0 _6 p) X6 Jthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" z+ D' K# Q" _ F) u9 fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# ~6 p& \) V: q4 _/ s0 E( O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
% x. _. G- I0 `8 U) l3 L3 Ptestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ B7 J& O8 W _
bly more common than the rare case report in the- b" Y u+ t1 \# f" W, E
literature.4. U% E6 s5 P+ V8 L+ k
Patient Report5 S, h* D+ z' ]: J" r$ I
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ s# `+ t' {' A6 W
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 }3 m8 c9 R! F5 r/ ~4 @2 O
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
f: @8 p! `# j# q. }, N4 y! t3 [light colored pubic hair development when he was* t3 O" \( G, m( ~5 h
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 o, q% ^; o$ Y$ G+ L
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* v; m2 I: m# B9 }; DAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
. E G$ L1 l5 N3 Y2 rProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of$ Y. ]1 R# C- x
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) l, d5 z0 i. m& t+ ^# L. l- p
e-mail: [email protected].
1 } w* e0 ~0 {& p7 Gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* X) k9 I6 P; p4 zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-: i- ]6 t" U2 L' h& s. N$ @' W1 E+ h
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child% o" W- L) ? w0 h0 P- Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 M% T) a' m( J6 S s, D! Q# g! @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ Q, p D4 F. G4 e0 |4 `20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 {- i2 A5 r" J! w) r; W0 mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with: x# ?) z* b6 r
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 F$ H1 ?7 p% H2 H- h5 @5 W# n/ b
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 M) O0 l! @; m9 J; J F! d! L! a
was age appropriate.- H( H a0 n8 v
The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 {5 G8 `7 p0 e7 H5 iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% l# b, \6 z. Z, lwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, Q% L: q# }0 Yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ F; L; z I/ o
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 e+ x' o3 K- B) n- X
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- ?0 f0 T. _1 Ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
# w! J4 W; L$ S, X% p. K2 a8 Ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet# H, v' L: n( X+ k6 I0 B; s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
+ ]0 @& a. ^; e1 m# G, @cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! L: x( s; b$ c
tives. There were no siblings.7 U% X3 @3 g5 U' X0 u+ x! Q
Physical Examination5 @* v" Z, R5 t: T: f' U
The physical examination revealed a very active,# ^* C% _4 Z/ f6 p1 V6 u/ ?' l
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 U2 U9 D; n7 p1 Q) V" E! y3 Ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 J) T( e/ M4 Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- Z5 v, Y# k' D# {
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. @. q& O) S3 o. j% L
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! {1 K: e: q( {( e, T% ^9 s3 Fthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 C/ y2 D2 o1 y+ q$ C- n/ A
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; z( R$ i, I4 v0 M( ]* G& Henlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ [. B# j) a8 y
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ X9 n+ O' ~1 n: d
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) {. m n& B& y3 J% ]/ l$ u540/ M) B5 w5 Z2 M- d& |1 _' }
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 }, M+ ?# u. x8 E; Z! h
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# R1 s3 m3 ^0 m, l' F
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 O$ E% N* g5 L6 MThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat D4 ^* `4 b7 Y) }/ h, |& V, }7 Y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# N P7 D5 [# K1 t+ f. @7 ?' m" A
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- R- p0 Y. Z/ h3 r6 o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 B; ]$ t+ I+ ?4 B( g) g
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" X3 O. Q( K( rof papilledema.( ~* p. V) @: {1 a4 {+ k
Laboratory Evaluation' }# ~+ |7 d3 ^7 U7 M) ]/ H1 _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ Z* V) E6 G6 b X/ N- k/ Husing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 E* p1 z, h5 U* v/ {$ `- {- glogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal# c* F) ]- k2 m1 i* T$ t- k( S$ O
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 o1 h8 k% R- n" _/ s* H6 T
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu- b$ N! L, @7 |6 B: F5 I" ]6 ~ m
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).) _. H$ s7 d; j5 v+ C
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
3 \4 I5 `5 A2 y6 h8 t- o+ {! I$ Purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; ~$ \* @+ K# D, b0 n
within normal range for his age. The concentration* y! x& t4 p- g+ n0 d% K8 ^2 ~3 J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" I6 N" Z( e. r' O6 g/ T$ D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* ~1 q8 n+ K' R. H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-& E9 S9 }% `9 @/ F( q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 m6 H8 n- V$ d; y5 G" W1 p
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to5 p/ X* y- a. s% W0 x
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* [! n. w* W( a4 Cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
4 p2 J X, M; T* s! ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ a5 f, I3 I* A( i
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 d3 k4 F# F' h6 L# C
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; C& Y' V- x% s7 F' Z
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- ^: n4 \1 ~, a: ^1 c Z4 \; `stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* N; l6 J; H6 u1 L" p6 |8 sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; ~3 _8 L& K7 Q* n6 F% E(prepubertal).
6 d9 G1 c% |0 jThe parents were notified about the laboratory. e' G2 ?8 m8 t0 q% P/ V; i
results and were informed that all of the tests were
N4 m& x7 t- G& y, {normal except the testosterone level was high. The; n/ N3 U. H% g- \5 |
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
. m% P; F$ N: A0 z4 `* ?obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 C* |8 y% \& e# Z3 u* r. Kever, the family did not return for 4 months.# ?' X+ K" i- w; T" g/ C. d% P! U
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
6 e% A- o3 P: B2 h8 ]# m ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
Q- v8 [4 t0 E1 P2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 ~$ d" R1 m3 d/ c2 |) h5 L7 `" _
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 T* _# Y s- j5 F. ?3 f6 Y. \$ ~pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, ~/ [ b% O2 p0 g7 j2 h5 Dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 g3 i/ l7 E6 |- u" y5 H
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* W2 m* [% v0 O' c( `The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
4 m0 M q D; E, f+ y8 Y$ J* O$ xing frequent erections.
7 E6 L9 K, s' i$ r1 \# |$ U" JBoth parents were again questioned about use of
) _# k! V! r3 @# @any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 }' ^& ^0 w; ?
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 I4 i$ X% [( l4 a1 jTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! q5 g/ u$ _! u9 h2 t: \4 g, e$ euse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# R! Y+ W& K) ?
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; U' R1 J. O* @ `7 T6 w5 F
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" t1 _; m; h( d+ p' q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 l' H' Y. E/ b% G5 n6 I6 @# Y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido, C7 y. X, }# R: U' K! J$ o. f* u
secondary to depression.1 e6 {* n- r0 b9 v$ y
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# l7 K6 `% N7 _) C$ r
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his) k/ R4 Q$ k# o2 s' M; o4 @9 d
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-* x+ T7 b/ k; S/ c
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
! m( \5 i) j h1 l5 j2 y; _, m Z7 i9 AThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
P1 w& u, I0 z6 w) m" Hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 Z3 t: Z) Q& `9 h9 R9 }
was high, he then read the product information
6 N6 @: U5 z# u4 i4 rpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. |, H- ]" a; `) w6 j! v: V. Y3 J6 d" P2 ason for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 `: H. S0 `3 `decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' S ~: D% \: k8 ?: Z8 rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ i8 H$ d& p% \+ ?9 S3 c: V6 C
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 i7 m: j/ d' V P* u3 G
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* s% E8 c) H+ T Tlaboratory to obtain the test.
5 a+ l/ c+ X; C7 j5 _Discussion
% _- i; R) r; {Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ m C' C+ Y9 t1 e: N
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4" [; r/ P" [& O p- n# O. d
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' J2 h4 [* u- m3 h& V6 Xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& n& w+ e* P" d# U" O, mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 W/ d! R9 T! d& Z/ s# S N* Pmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 H5 _; H- a8 O- tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is: ^/ ~7 _, N5 w& U
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 W! k. Y, T& M5 aamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
* q. m* ?# R$ S. Ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
2 r+ ~6 e. d' G9 dboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 g# F3 A: K/ mization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 C% Z. H" A4 S7 wrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- j; y8 y* N8 K6 x) J. r( |) Agonadotropins.1,3
: l! d5 a a4 l0 c4 H$ I0 d: U( \Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, @) G5 ?! a N' w! ocious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- k6 ]( k& W! G& d- ~% Aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) u/ z* D% C' h( y- Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-1 }4 I# p: N, I& i1 y6 X: ?' j
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. c% R+ C+ k& ^congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- {3 R; Z6 q$ D8 m l' eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious7 a( a9 l( k; P# t0 p6 @% {) G
puberty in boys.3,45 g0 n; s: a( T% y* O1 a N0 U
The most common form of congenital adrenal
. e7 o" w, S9 U; C' phyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 G; x: k3 d0 f- D( y/ W- Q# I
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in8 Q+ u: U5 M6 R8 A4 c |
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 A( s4 W# \- k1 i
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, F" |$ D% F) n8 ?; \
excess.1,3- b% w' i6 k5 a! R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: i7 \- P! P5 s$ g! u: ]' l
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* C( V8 D( U- X, r( @/ D; E
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& ? Y( [, ?+ g/ W$ t. B
independent precocious puberty, which is also known& T5 P+ K, S; ~9 S7 }/ x
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! }% Y5 W9 C+ u0 Yvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
: s5 k0 @9 d9 ]7 z9 y7 H; p! O& Ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 W5 i5 G' ]0 j6 Y1 A. n" W* O* Wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& \5 ?& w3 Q/ q* k; W* Z0 w/ @
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder; S% ~% Z h# G" j$ N' x
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 J# N4 t5 K' Z5 O( B" K
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" e( Y$ ^; w6 s! O0 H& }
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) D; [4 G5 o0 ]( Vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
# L6 j' i' Q) bmales; therefore, other male members of the family
3 l* \6 ^1 D' [3 }8 C, x d- fmay have similar precocious puberty.3* u, }1 X1 r3 Y! f( O/ [
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ B& ]5 o) R% y) S# r7 \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% q1 J* W" B8 J- H5 b" ~% g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' I4 p! ^/ R0 n2 m0 Q" Dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
) D6 K7 H, a0 Q. w/ R4 ]3 Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
: R, N6 W4 {! btesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
% u; A; }, @2 n$ G+ q4 Zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 x/ I5 f% y0 X$ D' bative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& \4 L3 g @0 Pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,. T) y% ~' |; U" p& o
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase x5 J0 e& G( ]' g& t/ K% _
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
) w9 |0 ^# U- m9 Ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 _2 {6 g* j, J/ M
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* f0 y& z+ S- p0 Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because* s5 Z% y2 r4 L3 E# k+ L# B' k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ Y$ O) U& I. ~) L: Q. i2 A. C# apearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* W* t$ `% s0 [8 ]( Zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( g- x& p$ w5 S: e& J: T
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was9 e) [- U) Y: a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 ^- u1 q8 z6 c+ M' Q
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% A, @3 E x; _0 jcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 E/ O7 e' J& N9 k" u4 J
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& n1 T. n# t& JSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- a8 j: _' b4 C8 J b% Vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 k, I/ N; i. r5 l! yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- J5 K; K: D, L( N `( |; |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-; ?- i5 { a, d0 s5 O! c: k
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 a& e% s6 `9 T* W2 t8 N8 Z% uOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ g1 B& Q9 d( z6 [# swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 n# x4 g" l- Q1 w
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ ?5 ^# B: Q5 U( J
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 i* B- Q1 \( M/ `( @2 pactive in young children exposed to testosterone4 V0 h3 z2 I0 C5 e7 X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: E0 Z* y! N( F+ B+ x4 b
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! J; _; F1 p1 o
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
, a$ v w' t5 i3 ?children results in an increase in growth velocity and
5 A9 R3 L+ l: W. ^7 }advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 L" `3 j& k7 r# w. T3 r1 BThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* |4 Y* D8 r3 ?0 `: Yearly childhood on pubertal development and final
, F4 l8 `* \7 P, J2 Yadult height are not fully known and always remain) A: p& p! `1 Y6 P. C
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( c* C& F+ t: ^- Fterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 F3 w/ I+ ^" o1 L9 k
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
. ?2 j4 M. D# ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 U4 u4 |' ]2 j1 W jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 z# W" }% d, ^- n% y$ z5 n6 SThere are conflicting reports and controversy
" _' o/ q$ P; u9 H9 m+ B) w* R/ v% [over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# i2 c2 G6 P( I( y" Jpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; O7 C a! o7 ^% f% T. e# j; Z+ a, Cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. A2 R0 Z( _# R& C) B, y) Mulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However," b% P6 @9 L ?8 W }3 j
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
! {: O8 {) `' G9 ?' ]' x0 Uchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, s( ]1 v" g: S, _0 W9 a# P0 g& wpenile length in clinical studies.
3 y# Y# x8 X1 r" W4 T% fNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& J; p0 V( o7 ]) Y6 Bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! @9 f# E% _6 q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
6 g$ B4 }/ N+ b6 tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time. Q* ?: F- M. t7 }- r1 I
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ ]! X9 ^; g+ A. m
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at- n1 i1 h6 f4 ~' l6 ^; O% U
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. k! r; ~7 w$ R# ^) `: M
height will not be affected.* L$ P& G& ~2 ^
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-) o9 `+ I( h- O8 `, d' C, Q6 u
ability of androgen products in our society may7 ^4 `* o6 d, L W2 k$ s
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
" ~2 x3 P$ c, |; b; A+ echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-0 J( |( _$ `4 Z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-2 K8 D A4 K+ h' y( f
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 ]2 A( l( U) d' [1 Z+ c7 ^( @ Fgel should be asked of the family members during
4 L$ q8 \* |( w) K: k4 M" {; Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-: @/ K! d9 }$ W4 t6 ^7 S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 I- \$ ^% g; _3 a7 N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by @' Z* S+ G3 [. U9 S! l) o3 ~
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 a( \/ f/ z* U; T7 ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
, d a S5 ^5 {" }# w5 O( N) ^result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ I1 }7 Z9 J1 C8 V+ ~% o# Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be
# @9 Q$ Q: E- @5 P8 caware of this fact, because most of these children2 r) R# N+ C9 ~9 R9 X# e7 l$ A
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ f4 {- K& a2 i# V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
) g0 L0 W1 t& `0 B4 A+ Mwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' w! c; b7 A3 Q O7 }female child who might come in contact with some-: \! w# n9 m7 T `( n2 Y5 H' T
one using any of these products.3 c( R* |0 s* G( p7 O! [- Y
References7 S- b; T) l7 w ~
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 c ~) e5 s- q7 L# x& j( _and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric, V9 h# ~( g6 R! `0 a/ V+ @
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ J0 N+ o" r; O! Q, M
2002: 565-628.
( H6 g5 ~8 E3 H/ D; u2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 W' C7 y. C! R8 S' h
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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