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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; |/ Z3 m% V1 s/ W+ t# EBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ k) k% }7 J2 {1 hExposure to Testosterone4 |. k3 E+ Y1 [4 @ w
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 a/ `/ d. B; K5 V' D7 q8 b! t8 ~) \
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 [+ Z" v( ^# t7 u
Clinical Pediatrics7 e$ O' z8 j: _+ d. q+ W
Volume 46 Number 6# S0 O; U6 h' `$ b" O* p1 b
July 2007 540-543
1 D3 R- K+ k# U. W4 ^© 2007 Sage Publications
+ u' E6 j* r4 G10.1177/0009922806296651
" m. |: [0 X; r4 ^$ V/ D5 Y' B# Ihttp://clp.sagepub.com8 R$ b7 X0 ]; V# k/ U" j5 m% V
hosted at- U4 g5 ~0 t1 n$ p: W4 i& {$ r- \
http://online.sagepub.com
' c; m- u A6 S' S2 BPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 o8 z, O4 G, Z2 L4 P, qis a significant concern for physicians. Central
* m" V1 N1 l' M. D$ Z0 ~7 M4 Aprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& t3 g+ O0 Y& d0 u( V: i, |through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* C( @. a! ]1 X! {; s7 O2 q8 {
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- ~5 g+ Y+ M6 t% [1 Ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
6 K3 [2 C: ~& k2 Iby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic7 v L; s9 R; v% S9 ?* e7 Z+ J; K
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
7 {2 R* y* `9 M; B9 h* icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 ]2 \- T3 w7 w3 j- e7 t
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( s2 `& W) D E$ K# I+ Q4 lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
- L/ a0 x! i* Tment without testicular enlargement, which was due" X6 q* d! b! w/ S
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 |+ o3 |4 V$ q1 R0 P
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-" }4 P* o2 B$ w) F% D
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( |: j: z, K9 o6 n+ X2 z. ]2 }child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
3 r, @1 u7 [! J7 |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-5 m, l" Y; q& n7 }
bly more common than the rare case report in the& B0 ]% t7 t/ Q; @1 a
literature.4
' m+ b+ l# ^- U. sPatient Report' F7 S* D9 F. I7 O1 p
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 B2 P# W* m7 d& U8 t$ I" V
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ z/ i' {" A5 n8 Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed6 `2 l% X. x6 L# S# j9 P) M
light colored pubic hair development when he was# P7 l+ _3 s R2 }+ ]4 G1 o Q
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" }: T- ]1 D$ t' }" N( m
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: k; r" }0 e* u A6 PAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' e: X7 e8 o7 V9 h( Z6 q" UProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; L" \5 {2 G! N) G2 H7 Z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
3 ?3 B) g. a0 O4 C4 v6 xe-mail: [email protected]./ G; ` D7 j" Q9 f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
+ X; h! X) @8 s- D( J6 M" t1 Fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge- @4 {% A) {- \7 I. N6 |3 J! w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child6 n2 u/ t, l: g, p) {+ ^( k
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with+ I, L3 L! f9 [; Y5 r
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ N/ g# {* ?8 b6 b# Y- G
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
7 }+ l0 ]5 d) v! gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
, A+ X- i+ H4 _8 d* ?solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,/ z* w4 a7 \% u6 i- S5 _: ^
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 t8 R" Y" B) E, h% W8 u
was age appropriate.
8 j! g: P% I2 p4 R1 FThe family history was remarkable for the father,9 n6 o, l# d/ _
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) r9 d6 G4 P s* L( |$ Xwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( A/ y% ^2 [. [ @height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 J# n% c6 m* n* R/ I0 }
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 d! P' j) S" e2 O( WThe father denied taking any other medication. The3 U8 q& ^% T8 c9 U
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 W9 h/ a9 P) x" a
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) W6 W' t( x$ l
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 E# \9 U$ \1 ^6 e' ?0 R* Ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
4 Q# @/ p1 G$ A" c6 mtives. There were no siblings.
K0 M$ e1 r( D% R) `7 V1 b& {Physical Examination4 O) j, p9 `/ @5 z7 w* t& V2 D6 S
The physical examination revealed a very active,' ^ L* P3 S3 P2 t! r1 Y
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' S- G( {1 |5 X' o D& Sa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. a6 M! I! u7 y3 e! H! h8 z4 P/ x5 L* |
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# ]; J$ a7 Z, S8 h(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
: G1 m; F/ b9 V. ]9 {# r* s! tvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' w5 D6 }4 s( p) ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ ^# k0 {7 W. K! b2 YThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 f6 K) h" y5 B G; s! }) t6 Benlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# o7 s6 M) d1 B, x' u( Z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 b: S3 {) X$ }) `( j( Q) x+ B h
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 @' P2 ]: q. P" `; V5407 I/ `8 k7 n$ ^) A! u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 T. u+ z+ C" x$ n. cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ i* a9 T" `" Z* G+ p d
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& u i0 W# U3 C8 n% ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
# C. q. _8 n- }# H, u ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 D+ O, y$ O8 g& s$ C8 Y1 d! Oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& Y7 ^ T5 j; q* |
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) j0 x6 }1 |! R9 Jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 `, M. g7 }2 n2 i+ ?" g" ?
of papilledema.
: U$ r) g0 z( ]7 MLaboratory Evaluation
8 t. A3 c2 y4 W' E+ n) [The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( l0 T; Q! w9 c; y
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# D) a& d" ]3 }# L, r
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
! E# M5 s1 `+ ]' @) b- Gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* O f; X+ B. N- \/ ]3 [# J1 l# Q
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' I5 ] Q9 g2 G4 P3 `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., o, v7 Z: {9 T; K1 Q1 N/ k* `# ~9 Z
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; C0 g( U' Z* A+ b* d
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) d8 c3 T0 C7 g" \, L
within normal range for his age. The concentration ~% c5 O2 D9 B/ ]
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, C$ @ V, P& r% l& w( ~" D0 ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! m' {9 l+ @# F7 @9 |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# }: t# h! H- U: T( P6 Tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( q- Z, {+ K8 r. x, c
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 S( x! K5 l8 x0 P, i# k
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 C9 a5 S1 n" Z" i9 f+ B" }% Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 ^1 z' P. y) h* M, A# V7 h- q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" E0 X, i$ e7 ^9 s% _
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 |# E/ G% M% l& b& Nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! v7 f# H, U# P9 [% y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, c0 U& g2 }; Fstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone( R. x( x' _4 f$ R
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 X: @3 L& \; Q) S! g! b$ H0 q. j) C
(prepubertal).
( k7 R6 q' s/ m* LThe parents were notified about the laboratory
! B5 y U; V9 dresults and were informed that all of the tests were
4 ^- J2 i$ @* I' T1 B9 J. _normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ m" Y9 Q0 {7 H' o! B8 I7 Q( cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# Q" d. H) x. T/ G1 R
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- Y% D+ Y, A4 M7 j5 [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.; z' ]2 e# _# t w
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& V. }! x3 k4 G1 x- Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% y, Q6 H5 v( S0 b1 y' l( h7 D2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
; E& b5 [0 v% U+ J v- V" U: iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 `9 g: v) C5 S* O, N [5 a. T5 r7 w
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; K* `4 y) k0 c# f9 Gthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 J) e! W8 B: G+ p2 g
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% q! _/ N3 W- r, o
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
, t- K/ e* a3 a2 Q1 ning frequent erections.2 \3 w" Z2 r- g4 |: y+ n! E
Both parents were again questioned about use of
+ W1 R. G o+ n( \, q3 r1 vany ointment/creams that they may have applied to2 k2 Z) V+ k2 U1 I( V: ~
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. ~% |5 i8 z: d+ l+ }* a* rTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 `- c$ E8 T# f& }3 z- I m
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 b" E1 {. g1 k' D) @2 S$ T
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' F2 A, z$ J' ja year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
9 C$ |, w( x4 B8 E, Ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. J% f: O9 C8 m* `8 kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido6 P# A5 w- m& B0 |" t3 y2 z1 I& W
secondary to depression.
2 c- T0 M( H1 S% dThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
# s' F3 j0 \2 i5 I- t8 @) u; @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& x- e0 r0 O; ^# f4 X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 g! ]8 B* r7 f# Z6 s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
! c |2 [4 K8 n. iThe father also admitted that after the phone call,2 @8 S( n5 ~1 d( `' i1 r0 E, y5 X7 L
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& m# o0 U1 D- P4 h" ^was high, he then read the product information
$ ` m# Y# }) y* [" bpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& c+ _; i: D0 {7 n% d( b. [+ K/ Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they+ |% ]4 n$ A: D. N+ g" z) L3 Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
& j( R4 Z1 r) m7 e8 k3 S: Jfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 M1 [! s7 L+ l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone3 _- v& U7 n. Q# ]5 j% L9 s
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
' t& u, z% U+ w9 Wlaboratory to obtain the test.
6 H, t3 A& @6 ?$ bDiscussion- G( {$ ]% p. |
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
B- f$ J$ d2 Q. dsexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 q- ~7 A1 Q8 O) i; a; _9 j
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% }+ ^5 ]" ^2 }it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ t# J: z5 K$ b4 T) u6 m( `thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* L& u( E, ~) ], w/ _+ c
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 {( I; w; C. r4 Vmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 S( u6 d& d9 S/ T- g5 E6 o, `( x, Nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
w. l$ v F/ Y1 o7 h' z- n2 @9 n' _amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* {3 W) u/ E/ O3 h
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
& z* S8 Q5 q+ j8 r/ O" Eboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-* H2 @6 a# U% _
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" h y5 w9 V- X4 R5 vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! b& T0 V2 n. }3 J* `) c9 a
gonadotropins.1,3 _2 U$ W4 ]( S& s/ V
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- J0 y9 y; ]" C" ^, F. ~2 ?cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: ]$ i" h( \2 Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
' U% A3 A- |; Y) z, qexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( \9 ^5 R1 N6 x/ n2 W; [ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 ~9 @; ^3 v D5 n# J, B$ acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& }: O! _1 k4 ]& O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) [9 P7 v1 H2 J4 x! k7 L
puberty in boys.3,47 Z2 ~; e- h9 {+ Z- E7 @- s* @
The most common form of congenital adrenal
$ ~0 ~' B8 p+ z4 j5 Chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.* T5 v2 ?; R; {0 m
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( p# O' c" R- M: t2 jexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 g6 b8 P$ Y$ T" O( w3 d8 Y8 _an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, F- i9 _+ P/ |+ w; e! _2 @8 F: o/ Texcess.1,3
: H5 \8 Y1 A' c6 n4 wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 a6 @. O) n, s* T542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( G6 U; H% @4 k c1 h" C- g8 Q
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
% s3 ~4 q" e7 |5 ~0 {' H8 A" s$ rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known! C( _/ F. O) q1 A6 S3 L% X
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# f8 H+ m( M" M v f/ U+ Pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
, v# D- }/ U/ h' n- C# fwith this disorder are full pubertal development,5 I6 [: d' L: o4 v" F$ G
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. v" Y0 z& c% m7 d) N9 _with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. l3 Y. P7 Y+ X2 V* I3 q$ C; Yare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show% B" I/ {1 r9 U
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 j' V2 p$ ^6 C# Z8 p# g
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked t% J+ z z1 e. K( o- O) I
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only) O: P9 ^" E! {7 j; g
males; therefore, other male members of the family; y1 V6 x1 m4 `
may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 J/ d7 [# F( z2 Y* G( F8 jIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
* y5 k3 W) [8 \" x; ?sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi- V3 B: c0 r9 B
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ p6 s; i% C R: X$ C: Q( s* Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father0 Z1 j: P+ C1 O. k3 X3 e, K% P! ]
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* e3 _9 ]3 s- \$ G9 Y
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the/ z, b6 X, b" G# _( Z
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg- C* m" A$ O) A2 O
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ |- N/ L& J3 t A# b8 ~biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
# B7 V# m R7 u G( h4 f9 g& `7 Z9 W6 Zeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) w* I O( X$ b5 n0 }& D j
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ ^4 U- H$ W7 U2 _- _
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" a5 q0 ~/ X/ p; r& jThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& I" I/ _4 |# W/ p5 g( k8 z. i S" A
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because* k5 m/ K8 j* i6 D5 S6 f7 F% I
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 P" [' y! J- O7 Mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 h. k T0 U1 @7 j I
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 ~* O( g8 U- p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. N$ Q$ x3 h6 p# P: O M
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’5 B% `. r) }4 l/ U' L
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or, M( S0 }% T; z$ P
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" k/ L! i5 B; E7 y) Q1 t4 G7 |1 z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 w& z4 i+ q. L4 OSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 u( w; X2 Q/ ]
baseline value in those females who were exposed to$ c+ ~2 W6 @! D
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 x+ W. L, |" |! i0 ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 L5 D! Q5 P! o# ?8 }) V/ c0 etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; g9 r/ [/ X0 |$ yOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,- B4 E$ Z0 W7 h- ?1 f
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! ?$ M0 _5 h+ B' mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! \; F# {* u; xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 [! G0 Q. m. J+ gactive in young children exposed to testosterone4 d4 j( l& J( L) Q' `
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-) |* R3 O' b" H y' T2 u6 n& ^7 t; R
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
0 ]: C! x2 X+ `6 P, e, a! z0 ?virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ p; O, \2 R1 w* ~6 q2 p1 d0 I& s
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 I# ^3 ^8 e* W hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' q! f6 f. J- {2 l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 a2 e& C7 D4 L8 I5 M% @
early childhood on pubertal development and final
* |4 N1 l1 U! H7 J9 U; Uadult height are not fully known and always remain( ~+ u3 Q3 U- ?: C K; g N
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
. _* K% e6 u; y: Kterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 `; Q. R* D, u, c: t5 Hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% ]7 U+ p) n* h' K( p# O4 I( A+ O3 icessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ [0 b$ G- \: w; O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ _8 C3 I; i; v% g9 i+ I, ~! ~There are conflicting reports and controversy
' s/ c7 B/ ^2 b- ~, M }7 _over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, N1 w+ E! p g1 k7 Cpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 \ A& N% F- X; A- _( F' t! S" y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; L5 Q# C2 }7 Y# Q7 j2 rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 }3 D( C2 s* y( y# A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
" C& O, a' P; i O2 \childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. ^2 K3 S( b( m epenile length in clinical studies.
9 y! [$ N+ X, q5 _! aNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is7 D' U9 f1 [/ ] `
going to experience any of the untoward effects from2 O6 l* C: E/ x
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 b8 z' E5 ~0 Kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 g" o+ m$ Q7 d
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of' S4 { ~ @1 R, z
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ K/ l; L' s1 P, S/ Z9 x! Fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( ^% H9 S" D: Mheight will not be affected.
8 ^0 j& e7 l' S& d( w: {Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
9 n% [9 \) {! [( V4 `ability of androgen products in our society may
9 X* U6 m, Z- z6 C. M2 Uindeed cause more virilization in male or female
" A, g% \+ }9 y: i3 V2 Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) l' n3 n0 Q5 q0 e$ q/ Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 I( c- \. ^& G& o9 _2 Otioning about the use of a testosterone product or: |9 ]7 W8 P5 Q& a s
gel should be asked of the family members during+ x2 y: @# z0 J0 ?; }5 K4 t2 U
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- D% I% L/ ^3 t7 E0 vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
7 r+ n' X' @, ^1 m$ @- ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by
' b/ `* H9 g$ ]' {" \6 y+ Aappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 g% P" u+ d# w3 Z7 \& ?$ ?history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; L) j, N+ ~# ?0 M9 Wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive b8 g: z( f/ r- ~$ H, N
investigation. The primary care physician should be _+ T5 o: Q$ L
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 i5 c1 J+ |8 y/ F2 L
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 b* r% g8 ] {( tDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
z0 s, \! W- h- t q$ Hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
9 E7 c1 b- @4 I8 q6 ]) w* {female child who might come in contact with some-
' x% q p! L+ ^2 Aone using any of these products.
0 W: Z# g. H$ q) k5 Z* fReferences
7 f' f% i9 _9 v7 K1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* L# `: V0 G- h9 O8 I+ e- Vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: D/ Q" b* i, d" ~6 C: Z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 Q+ e& z" g: z; i4 x6 {
2002: 565-628.
r9 n6 ]. a7 \2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) e/ t9 ]) W8 |' H7 p) U5 g; T
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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