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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
1 O0 `( t6 y" V9 UBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
  D5 D( [3 `+ P# y  j+ {7 O; `+ r/ qExposure to Testosterone: K5 V2 B/ D- b: ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- U9 B: v5 X, K( N, h# I/ Zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- Z$ a8 q& w" n5 I  w  pClinical Pediatrics$ ?3 U- B6 O+ Q, C
Volume 46 Number 6/ g8 l6 |6 x. N$ S4 r, T, {
July 2007 540-543# R: c/ H3 p4 n& E, W
© 2007 Sage Publications# n: Q5 }, W$ z) n+ t
10.1177/00099228062966518 s; E: G/ {7 a
http://clp.sagepub.com
( D) H9 Z  j0 V3 ^8 ihosted at
) t# z" _  y. ^# z" J6 `/ }! {* R6 Fhttp://online.sagepub.com/ c2 Q7 m3 K3 R0 {$ C& R2 X
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 h5 g) a$ H8 }9 L4 O6 nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
( U2 ^! l6 B$ t' P2 Nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
% {; ]+ A. X) U/ ~" hthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
) d5 O' Y( @. i7 H- r$ f  Ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 b* }  ]9 _; T# n2 h# llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 e% {: J- T4 n5 b1 @( Q+ ?3 hby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 B! _/ H1 Y5 Ohair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# o8 S/ k  q. c7 Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% y3 l. g+ Q! W2 q
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 b7 R5 G- g/ o' N' D2 Zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 \1 Q" L  y# M: L
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. N1 W% R, k) P, nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 ?- ?8 t+ b5 {1 \7 C
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 u) X0 A, ?  e5 h" `0 ~5 G3 @mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this, v/ c8 o; G8 a
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of4 D. T# W+ \& V3 X( b+ z, V1 j
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; X' a1 M9 B4 E( y- E* z* C7 ]# T
bly more common than the rare case report in the
: @4 {. x2 K, B3 {( Hliterature.4
6 L3 b% d& H: ]/ Q( F8 hPatient Report; y3 {: t, ^# w6 F! i0 Z5 q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the) x; E8 B' X: a
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 _; d" D2 I5 Qof early sexual development. His mother noticed
. t# B2 `2 Z7 J' c) ?8 mlight colored pubic hair development when he was
4 |) B4 b. H$ ^) EFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
- ~7 C  z% ]( T' C" zSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.0 A1 B% Q; [2 k  n
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. Y7 I  Y% B; {6 \. h2 a
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, h9 h* F2 Q& @/ @, Q" U$ M$ f
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;0 n; k$ X$ ?% C; N! F* _! b
e-mail: [email protected].
4 U" l8 F/ B3 U0 u7 m: jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" g; X  ?* o2 I$ `$ y( x: j$ ~
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
3 ^3 Q8 e7 p0 c) d* Y3 }ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
/ q) ?9 P5 o' S  |( owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with4 e% P9 q6 Q9 w
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; \% n% ]! q/ K7 i5 a$ O) `
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" T9 f/ }$ T$ cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 ?4 v( O4 T8 V, I
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. ?7 G) k' h0 |3 `0 c% F; D) rand his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 K" u4 [2 x2 Z! t% T
was age appropriate.
2 X- ?, ?* ]7 \& G2 c: ^8 oThe family history was remarkable for the father,3 O0 G% F* }# E+ L) N4 K4 S/ L
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& v3 [) Y4 H' D/ Y" @' _
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ z7 F3 [4 C# q& P. J' bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 y! @0 H' P/ ?. R8 t8 R3 M: hearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ {) A9 t+ P# u2 Y# g9 X
The father denied taking any other medication. The
  k* x1 ]9 L& h' p  V! @child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
7 n1 Y8 U) V# v( c( Bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
  I  h; `# B$ i, o. C5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-2 k! v, i# F7 W, u, B# [
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( u7 v7 H: W4 y( [% K* j
tives. There were no siblings.
- \$ I/ ^0 Z' H' D) {1 \Physical Examination' P+ G6 x! V' Y# |5 e
The physical examination revealed a very active,
7 Y0 W4 q7 p1 ~: tplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
0 b' F( s. ]  Y! [- m& W0 U+ ra blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; T* S/ N$ r4 j6 J% B3 G
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% ]# N  n. B, x/ D
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
! b5 Q/ d, M3 A: f# D$ z+ q# zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% C% g; W7 p& _
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 t: t* z3 S5 `1 d8 Z* o: `, o  b6 u
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for* |* R* m4 q& a8 t7 I( ~
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 D( H; C" m4 {; Q( W& O. _# w6 P
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well; U- x% I. s" i7 C
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# A& G7 H3 x+ v3 Y9 Z& ?4 l$ ]2 |
540
: L" B. g! D  W, B) W, |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 M, K0 w3 h! }  d
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% M) H! w- O' {' etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.2 S9 V% V' l+ g% g; j: z
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- A+ j  y4 q# W' s& Q3 z* b
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
, o1 d3 {+ r8 Uabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
2 M- J) c& X# o, FNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 X0 y& B: h0 F1 ^bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
. D: z2 I" ^$ B3 O0 n0 Cof papilledema.
( w/ t- K# E' y6 g2 m: k+ k( ^* JLaboratory Evaluation# E2 V/ x9 i2 q" s+ p) G
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! h2 Z! D# [! e  {2 f% iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
$ g; i0 s# h% R6 W3 i; Qlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal8 U" N9 ]% e: j; x# h
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! r; b5 y: W2 b2 l: w9 u3 }showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 c; U2 C9 u; O
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
6 {& ^7 l) D, n. N+ D0 |The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% ]# b, d( V+ y3 \& H
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 z1 O" a2 s9 A* I0 H9 r6 a. y
within normal range for his age. The concentration7 j0 M1 S- F3 U$ Y# t2 B/ ?5 ?% e$ ?5 @
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, u/ D* _9 R* S3 P5 p* J* n4 Y( P6 @(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
; m$ u! _3 k2 D7 \8 @ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- F* {3 f8 ]7 `/ J" [, n
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),/ z- H& t- q5 ~$ S3 F
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
  N" Q; `2 Z' X: i2 B9 }# ^# C49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 W! ~5 V7 j$ b! Rwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-$ q1 r) \. e% t. Q* Y& [
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 V2 [$ T3 `4 v) O9 |2 U. }% }
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 w% z9 @5 Q7 mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& a7 ?" b( i: a
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular- Y$ z% K0 P. Y0 X, k' u/ R
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ g/ f$ U5 m, [) Y) ^  e# t/ {
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 k* ^, `$ I# L. e(prepubertal).6 R4 o. K) b5 O2 f8 ~8 O& n
The parents were notified about the laboratory
# P7 {, y" [# {. _6 H' D! h9 cresults and were informed that all of the tests were* p3 K0 W8 ?, H% t9 e
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ P5 k; A2 p9 l* ^) S
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
0 g; Q; e, O8 {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 N6 C* Y6 R# w0 [; Q5 C( c  i; B' Q$ c
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 v* q  O6 d1 q
Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 v! i" O3 y" G! M4 H- E4 e% n
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained  ^9 f$ {/ g/ m2 s. o" i
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. I+ t- s) |8 x8 o5 I9 t$ w. h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
9 K+ D) C" w+ e6 E- R- n7 ^pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
9 k6 T  A( F* i0 Ythe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 X1 l. r+ q% k4 N% b
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- r+ Z+ _3 Y9 \5 [  A( d6 f$ e3 R, x
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& m8 A/ Y; k, s/ K  ging frequent erections.
( T$ k! z* ^/ S/ L- b* o: f, s0 P! hBoth parents were again questioned about use of, M, P; }. g7 W: P: ~- _8 N; o
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- r7 G! q8 E5 q* M+ t
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the$ E* I: S) }# r' q( i
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' Y- D1 N$ q$ r( w" ~* [use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' |& X: D+ m$ Z6 a, {ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' M" s" P: r, M+ R6 Z+ W- Sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  }' L5 R0 l- \0 H3 v2 Oto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-0 I. }* ]+ B/ B% B( r6 m. @) p
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
  r) q* S! t  \& Y% s: nsecondary to depression.3 x  V9 h; L2 a! G8 s: k5 q
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
, _; ]: g$ E4 }The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( q. l& M. F6 ]8 qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. }9 F# C0 u# k; z3 O" b
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 h2 E! V! I2 ^/ s; Z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
( R. l5 R- R8 }# Z) @6 _. Mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby( ~+ f. h7 r" p/ L' u- S) Y  X
was high, he then read the product information9 ]5 s# ]1 N6 q6 i7 y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, n* r4 C4 A( z0 Uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" ~4 x3 A5 G* t3 P
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 c+ C0 w+ r+ Z4 E5 b
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had' A& e( c2 G/ K6 M2 D5 U& _8 J  p9 j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
" j' k, G( @) wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
: _1 g$ c1 d3 o3 Q* l. xlaboratory to obtain the test.
# G5 W% S( a7 ~! K# ^( a" b$ NDiscussion
! L8 s/ e2 a+ U$ RPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary; i1 o/ `0 g$ Z; |7 n8 E* t9 D
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" n9 i4 V# K7 z  J& APrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when$ F8 E- n# _) i: t
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% o6 f9 f  i  J" cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: X  T1 q4 o, @# a0 y8 W
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
( S9 y; t, F9 J  t, hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is  M+ D& n7 \3 |! T5 L
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
* {# k$ L6 Y3 z2 Y! _7 wamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 u! Z. S% k0 T1 t; _, H  [sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in/ t" A9 S( T* A8 C
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
) E$ L5 z/ p& ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, P8 l# w( j# W3 x. k8 L) C
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 i4 q6 q) L6 b+ ^- b+ G5 k
gonadotropins.1,3
; N: J  L+ Y. l" l( _5 s2 B# rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 n% R8 ^  W' v% `! [/ ?: Z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" Q. A+ n9 e) ~$ `2 D2 {
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or" H/ z5 L  B- W
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
3 f" i) A6 T& s  T. m( d3 N+ o6 qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
) z; I4 M+ g/ L4 `4 `+ ]& ]( Scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 g& q. V; y+ Q! C# [% w. ~) oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious, o7 |$ m: j5 S% E6 \9 f
puberty in boys.3,4
# W' O& \/ |5 h% w/ s8 _The most common form of congenital adrenal0 @  o7 J$ w0 g+ x$ T
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" m. y9 X# C. OThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, ?8 \+ O6 H' T' e3 [  w
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, H! r. G' z- ]+ c4 j* K9 Van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 f0 ]: B0 J- [% n6 v) E
excess.1,39 h1 O" A/ e$ b3 x2 u% ?- r" U
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) [& ]1 j* l+ E7 Q# k/ Z542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007% {) u& n" P9 x) c
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ C8 K* c/ N' p2 F- l; f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known4 ]" d3 `& f, F. K; ~& A5 f
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
( G! U, R9 ?- F( M2 T' jvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
, y4 Q6 O2 M1 ?2 W- A1 e* Qwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
* H- J4 Y9 {: tincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( i0 S7 M) G9 I  X6 h5 \; @with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 C( l1 N$ _, l5 o" A/ @+ _
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
) K5 s* l6 R* D2 f. Y' epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% q# z* {& B, b+ |7 Treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
- A/ I8 z; {0 b6 p; D. y% y% D+ vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( q  J$ V6 `3 [" r$ ]/ ]9 Gmales; therefore, other male members of the family
5 V0 A. M. f% ?7 imay have similar precocious puberty.37 \1 m- I! S5 o8 V) R0 M: ?3 i
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 n& m2 C  a% L  Q# z" w4 Tsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) H( i. U# d, Q: W- l0 D/ ?  Z
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& Y2 k# l+ B) J% t+ P
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ u( {$ O4 c6 s2 p4 ], wstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, L* @0 Y( e3 O% btesticular enlargement is not that evident in the. ]: K% g9 d5 b. t, N6 k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 B5 @6 Y  `& Iative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ j2 ~6 P/ Q6 @biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 l- d5 Z) |3 [
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase! m$ b6 c" F- q% B' w# }) M' p
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  V- u7 G  v- |3 Uing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 A& j( _) y$ n. Z! v3 YThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, P0 z, B7 m+ ]* k  isuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 p; i6 R/ C( H& |) k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 ?) M; Z* ?6 @( V
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 ]' i4 w7 b% ]1 H
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 y& E. ?0 [' \/ o+ B
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; |9 Q$ ^. B% Kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ M3 z1 Y: A7 S3 ]Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
+ \: Y; C6 a2 m* wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' W$ x6 g7 L" M% h" J
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 g9 K& G7 f/ S# V1 x: x/ W; c
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the  @0 s' ]% @8 ^
baseline value in those females who were exposed to3 u7 m; H, ]! L
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ C; n  }& q! U6 zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-" n! \" p' X, Q" Z6 h0 _+ u
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! v8 N. `' W; sOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,! B8 w" o) E2 p
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! l& ]# A' v  L1 [% k3 \dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ [& i2 j* Q$ s; I$ W% d" iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# Z% w) j# C9 V; e
active in young children exposed to testosterone+ q; ~* ?$ o" z7 d8 |/ e" o/ [2 a
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
# S% h& D6 F% p8 n0 k5 b% i5 mdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 K) ^. B7 {: l: v/ M, V- Uvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 X& t, h3 ?' Z! L1 H7 K" X0 ~
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 o: b: ^4 P6 e% ]) S) h: K
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
! p+ e, ?" ~7 O: U# m6 i3 q5 o, fThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 [. T, X, B0 xearly childhood on pubertal development and final2 T% \$ n4 m& B
adult height are not fully known and always remain
# W: B; X9 S4 N( V0 _a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  _+ F/ d2 A  h0 d3 \terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
' \  ~  s! D! i" T! }acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) o* M& G' p1 W; e0 Kcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation6 `/ P9 \. R( X* M( p+ l" H6 p
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 ?. d# M( |3 [( Y2 D" rThere are conflicting reports and controversy
& X7 v8 Z. S# D. Aover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 t. T2 w# @* O' M
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 M4 K$ G; }/ e" `+ k7 J8 F
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-% I( q! M; {  V8 u
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However," V) W" w* q5 F
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 ~' d" L& _5 z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ Q% R: i( T5 j  y, l  Lpenile length in clinical studies.! }3 c! o3 w  {, Q7 n/ y
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) P7 h6 c' K' egoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
9 O& S1 W; j; f8 i! U% a( Ftestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* h, W1 m: R/ A2 K, ^. G1 i
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" q8 K. Y5 N5 p. J5 M" C0 Z2 lAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 G9 \/ P/ K& c4 ^* D5 g! pdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at- [2 q+ ]2 o0 A$ U- p
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( y" H9 K# v& T: v/ {, K- ]
height will not be affected.
, F( u% J: A& {/ Y0 O& A4 Z: @Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
2 @! S# m; P+ o7 tability of androgen products in our society may
0 c2 C8 _# A1 ?; L) Z9 }+ |7 Jindeed cause more virilization in male or female  Z1 A: v6 j" c
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-  f0 U* G* q, `$ J1 M. U" v* ]
gen products must be considered and specific ques-. \  R/ J3 ]+ s) n& Y9 y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 f, Z$ D1 H/ M7 r$ V9 ]. R; `gel should be asked of the family members during
" @! q7 Q! a7 Q* s( }% L5 Vthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! N, h) f* h) d& I& Q$ W! oilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-1 K+ }' y# }+ |, x) [7 O% j: j) C+ Y' g
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
# J+ i4 Z$ @' B  Q# }6 Jappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 X# j8 |4 ]# m8 c3 h9 p
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) R# V4 |& q  ~5 ~" b) Uresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 z1 P- q2 q  Z% J" Rinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
- @+ q. b7 M7 Maware of this fact, because most of these children
/ p" \2 s( f7 m! z6 Z% Y! Mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( r/ T6 o% }5 r5 B0 \Desk Reference and package insert should also put a8 {( P; I  e" U; x7 C# s
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
9 X% z4 c0 y7 B& i1 x! Wfemale child who might come in contact with some-
7 Z! \. J7 q! j; Oone using any of these products.: Z; `4 k) d2 a  {+ A- |
References* p  r0 @0 u* N" k* _; Z7 q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, m) b2 }) Y' S- R* G+ Z
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ W3 j2 ?% p; ~, _
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ j+ i: B+ v# b1 |. A6 o2 d
2002: 565-628." t! @+ r# T1 {6 g
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* i2 n8 e  ]  p
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
. S  A2 `. e8 X: O) XBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
. D; d& L: E/ P& D( v7 ?1 `6 xExposure to Testosterone
$ y9 I# p& @4 w5 CSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, O5 f# Y- a4 o( w5 U% N$ m
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1) G6 p" I) \1 ^
Clinical Pediatrics
- U& ^  J2 g- T) ~. lVolume 46 Number 6
1 E7 t" W; _5 O; k/ y3 m. U2 ~July 2007 540-543" f5 B3 m$ ^% l$ y
© 2007 Sage Publications1 G2 Y4 D* N/ j8 e# V
10.1177/0009922806296651& L6 g! Q7 F$ P4 D
http://clp.sagepub.com
+ N4 o4 e% J: o9 `7 {, M/ Q- Whosted at
* o7 _% a  Z! q' h  n5 Nhttp://online.sagepub.com* J& Y. O) ]/ P7 _
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,+ ~" k# C, r( D2 F9 z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central/ ^8 \7 p' N' v) p0 _3 m
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: ^% ~8 m0 q2 I& ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# K% {. H- A0 Z" x/ L8 Z, H1 P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 \/ a% S; q' T2 U$ W* p- S4 G- alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ k2 r& ^' R, N7 K& N
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 [% D' _5 k5 t/ ]% P& v5 Q' j8 M, m
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
& O3 Y" N+ ^8 scles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 j- m% v$ D1 K8 o* K! I& g
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( y0 J: |* ?! v6 f4 x$ i4 J1 }- R; renlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! t: `4 s$ V, ~) l$ p$ C$ hment without testicular enlargement, which was due  e) h4 r8 i0 z7 z- H
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 S4 f7 @5 L0 R9 w0 D+ Wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" L; ^3 y' i$ d* _- R) cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 `" o' i7 D- P8 D- Jchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of- m0 t8 \7 w1 t: ?2 h; e
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 _1 f4 H/ ?* ]2 u/ o, [+ |) nbly more common than the rare case report in the5 j) {' d' n) R& l3 d) j
literature.4
. b  p& j+ [" Q0 L* Q# k  g& f. xPatient Report
: z2 T& r( k/ q% ?# Z) P- zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
4 p( \; v; x  [; ^& V& nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, U8 a+ X$ Z( x2 n( xof early sexual development. His mother noticed$ }( [  h! a& w% P. Z- [$ I
light colored pubic hair development when he was% ^1 \' L4 c% D% v; i
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ C: w! I' p0 ^South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.5 [9 h* B/ k2 D9 X
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,+ N8 }* S8 X& U$ a9 a$ C
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
8 R# K. N! G: i9 y5 \0 G6 x# m0 x, {Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* _' N* d1 y3 B5 X0 pe-mail: [email protected].
% z0 p1 ^* ?- Nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became  W; S" t7 m0 v
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 |/ ?2 N1 G6 h2 f
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( R# p) @8 t! Z& ~was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
, z; w+ L5 f/ xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of# o9 E, R8 \- g# g: |) |% y
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ Y7 Q# m$ f5 w3 Q4 J4 q* P
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with2 y1 P% M( S+ z, W% r& v
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* g# w9 g+ I" \8 Y0 I3 F. z  }and his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 B* n& `% O$ i3 T
was age appropriate.# |! _% U. l6 [; f* e
The family history was remarkable for the father,4 b1 D9 Z! z% h: T1 M/ z1 q# ?
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
7 _8 k+ C" h: s; k/ ^which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 I. L* k' I! j2 ?" z
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat0 L) Q5 j% X2 Y; R1 r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.. y: Z# z# C  ?4 ?  f5 ]
The father denied taking any other medication. The
( a3 n- B1 w- _% lchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 }$ ~! Q+ t; m, u. ~6 u8 k6 _was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ F" X1 z1 @1 r! y! L5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 j3 j% b9 P2 c3 M2 ]cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: O6 O( o6 s& ~* W2 p- ]
tives. There were no siblings.
& x/ d6 T' I) L6 ^+ EPhysical Examination& V0 m" O& \6 T4 B1 }% w. o
The physical examination revealed a very active,
' K2 `( t- T! j' W7 W8 \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, M) [5 ]4 z8 L6 U2 o- S8 X
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ k& n. Z5 x; M' o$ \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
0 y+ s5 }. C3 p6 w/ f- ^(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" \" ~1 k3 F, E1 wvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 ~/ Y# X9 K; Q, Ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 n# Y  i. W4 P7 ?4 u
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# r0 K/ b  }0 i2 U" E6 U1 ^! venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
' \  X7 I9 Y3 @9 ]8 J0 D8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well) f8 a% t5 i; R+ Y# U- R
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# K* f7 V6 z5 w9 @8 L540
" s. _3 K7 x$ z( A- jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 J# D$ [6 W( N% t+ |5 F( v% ?the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% j& V5 h0 }" u  t3 c1 itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- n9 s( ?3 j: L8 |- V- n
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 x# j. \& M5 M$ E4 {' r- Noily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 b: f/ x( H6 v! w4 Vabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- u0 ]6 x; J) q% x3 rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
  C3 W  i! P$ B* H6 Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 n* u8 b+ z& {( `* N
of papilledema." O9 g" H: P& v3 @) Y
Laboratory Evaluation! |& K; R' c# t3 f1 X+ R8 Y- `
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by2 @( J3 P9 U- Y% _
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; k' d" Y/ p- _1 l
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, r3 J) H1 Z4 I& ?0 d+ okaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 S+ {! G& f) \5 I6 D; B' A8 _
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
) I0 |$ R6 y1 d% Y# T# Flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 i/ h: k6 a% H7 m& \! KThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood. d) `( h7 r; k% {, ]' K3 Z- Y% o
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 b  U' {8 x; _' hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration  ^$ H- ?) D( S  k/ b
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
$ ]; M" Y- m& K6 W) r. V(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
6 I2 F% @! C8 i* V/ s& kng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-. ~( A: C, g: w0 ^
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
" J* B) g' ]; \, [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" i5 Q+ A) i4 s+ X; f$ C
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), d; w9 A8 f% X9 \( P. j# k  e
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 f& B: M5 B& ~; h# j3 U+ vtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ u  r8 M+ X; p& {2 Y4 Gtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* |/ b3 i3 R# D& F/ X  `
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
$ j) I" e" G: _5 {+ F5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: o6 Z6 M$ Q% ~& A/ W7 Ustimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* N& y+ ~. i7 ^5 W7 P3 p: h& k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL. D& f( i, O9 H/ U- l1 m  f
(prepubertal).
  m# ~3 M/ x8 e# k/ [4 gThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 ^3 s! l% r6 }+ m, F. sresults and were informed that all of the tests were. N9 r! Q; [5 K5 \
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
  p0 T: ?) T! M" a1 }+ v% Ffollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& J! j' H4 m& g$ K; v) Y5 l
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-% b9 [1 A  R% Y; v7 Z6 o% R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 Q6 N- }, J, j8 K" |+ APhysical examination at this time revealed that the$ V) K" ~. d( Y# _% \
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
0 x2 W$ `$ ~7 D, T, P2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained6 o: x5 ^  Y, c6 b* v
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, g: @2 I. g% M4 }
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
! F# l; y+ K7 b- }' c+ ~the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& N5 B- ^: k6 U' o2 K; s* i: s3 XmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
$ T: k# R$ p8 C) z. ~- a9 r- F* r! VThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 S+ o; _7 e6 v1 u3 A* o
ing frequent erections.
. D' C, [3 ~) VBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 ~9 Z# C* z2 wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to- D0 s: t. Z  ^9 g! d# ^- y; ~
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( g+ p0 I- [  n) Z0 ?. ~, |6 R
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; S8 }+ C, D4 W% w6 L  x- g
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ P/ C& d' i0 V  P+ O# zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ ^, R5 `0 Y! H& J) Z% E3 x
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed/ O  @& o5 h  _. ^; O  V7 U
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ I# O& X: ?; }  F' [scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
  \3 w9 N' B6 ]" n: h( @9 ~7 ssecondary to depression.
9 Y% E7 O  ~# G8 YThe child slept in the same bed with parents.$ R; H. |$ }+ l& J7 G- Q2 W
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 I+ W9 ^; k3 Y6 ^chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-* i( r7 L- x0 U. m' C
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  V0 `+ [% P0 @
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
5 Y# h( `0 T+ Z% J) }when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
$ M3 N, Y0 ?$ i/ x1 zwas high, he then read the product information4 e0 R- x6 n, D7 _- Y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-  y6 u6 f6 g; P! e. T
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
! `' f2 g1 t' Kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ q; X  t: T3 w0 f+ c
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had- [5 ]) ?0 n% w" }
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 S' _, L( a6 k4 ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 E$ ~2 u4 c. o+ x: @0 ?laboratory to obtain the test.
- S* s) t& y6 I* ^8 p6 d% ODiscussion2 B- v& [$ H/ m
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary8 d% v  S5 o# F& \
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 P: \+ Y" j. o( J5 ?Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 ?* Y+ e) b7 w( V6 ]! W8 Y
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ T& w% w6 L7 ^
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( b; A% i* m4 Imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; q) ]3 a% }- u4 o/ r' [may have a central nervous system lesion that is' \) E) K5 M* \" V
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& A2 W0 F* a6 r  F! L
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
8 p8 _( A0 X9 y, ?) `sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 a4 X. t2 k5 G; C% C) g2 G
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
  i* J7 g1 C( l0 b6 K3 kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; W8 H* C0 J3 E. {$ n( Hrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" v* r( z  ^/ z7 ?& Y; f% P/ Tgonadotropins.1,36 o# r- f+ ^6 C2 p7 ]/ E4 |
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
) Z$ K6 U% c- X% U5 fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 i+ I: ]4 x, b* ~0 b0 Uandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; P9 x. P9 u8 Y# ]9 Vexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( V0 \8 [1 w. K% T  |
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 c$ z2 ~9 k' ?1 H' F  p
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" u6 I0 e( [: g% a9 ~9 t
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: i3 [* }3 i" z+ `$ ^. B
puberty in boys.3,4
8 g; i8 F* J" w# Q0 [5 G2 M2 h" OThe most common form of congenital adrenal2 Y% P: `! w0 r6 t
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( j" b$ H- i/ ~' h& D2 U
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
5 l' m  o$ k( l. x+ F$ Y, Qexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: ?: ?  u" d8 i; |$ K3 Jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 u5 {7 t  X, A+ u3 f# O& \excess.1,35 G, O& k$ x- @, g: F8 h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  M1 W. q# @7 n
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 K5 ~# y* w0 N5 h, s5 NA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
; s7 c2 ~4 o- n. ~* |: Mindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
* O& m# g. p1 J( O2 N. K' E6 das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' d1 V& `8 `7 p& r+ D$ v1 `+ I
very young age. The physical findings in these boys, L5 C1 V& G6 G) V6 K8 N2 N9 a; D
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 d, a, P/ v/ @$ \4 w2 m. Uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 J. y2 q& I& g$ Q5 Ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 L& H0 [4 q9 x2 d' q" W4 H$ Tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 y1 i5 \  K* [) t. Q8 S; Rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-* K; S2 m: B+ m' n2 V5 `
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 M' L7 }& f' u- W5 f! F
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
+ P  I, x0 l* L5 _males; therefore, other male members of the family
. u: V# R% o* smay have similar precocious puberty.3; {* j. [6 w1 E. D
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
' S( V& Q# r5 j0 ~5 k3 e4 r9 K1 ?+ esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-- {: f6 n6 s1 B( T- l9 u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
( \0 w  i3 N  K( Gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father4 Q0 _0 |9 s6 j( m! D
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& y& v6 t! b" X) K0 K/ V/ w
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
. J+ }0 Z% k  B4 |* l5 b/ Y% pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. a% A/ u" y+ M$ fative initial history of androgen exposure, our9 O1 Y+ ?( v" ?; x- I
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,- z+ a7 ^( R( a. B3 u1 H6 f& O/ a  b3 L
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
! x% y  s8 L& @$ ~+ P6 Hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 M% L) _$ L  Q4 B  @, ving the normal level of adrenal steroids.% c( ~( E4 ?( d! ]) I
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, F, P- n5 A. g# v' B, F  G
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 g* m/ W! U1 f8 `& xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* p: F4 L' l* }9 d* Dpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ [  p/ m, F- c) L/ y1 p
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, R, O! S( K( S% t" v2 D8 h
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" g, C* z% ^. G% T" a6 p
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( \. @6 F. }0 R3 @
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or5 U" \' i. r) @: W$ y2 l2 v! a
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* d! C" _& P" z4 b' h
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 K- y9 N. q+ fSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 T0 K4 k6 r& U+ {( I. O3 ^
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
" d, W) }2 n; y. peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; F5 O6 o  e- ~- ]4 B5 a$ W6 s* Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 a: P" {/ j, u% _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.- a: D  d3 O2 M* h" h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  @: Q5 }. L4 |( G& zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ U: I, }: y7 L, F* Odermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ j5 g# w8 v7 u- b0 n% gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' ?5 }2 j$ C# `7 P0 D$ D
active in young children exposed to testosterone3 A9 g( [7 J+ n  a3 x- v
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
+ ]4 R; s( R2 e9 P0 k8 n$ u* x% mdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
) l8 X3 i% I; `6 @! l- x' Rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( N$ A: l- `$ achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
6 ]- P$ E$ q, Badvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 Y& c5 q, n% ^" V6 Q1 |+ A, XThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
3 d1 ]8 M9 P; N+ [& `early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 p$ `, F0 S! iadult height are not fully known and always remain3 F: ~- ]% @/ w
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ S  o  S9 ]+ d+ J( K$ r% y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, g: o) R+ c$ M) ]# K
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after) k! m! v( |: E. U: Y3 S
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 H! m4 G% I! h3 Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& ]5 P. D  p$ Z4 s
There are conflicting reports and controversy
0 A( I/ P/ O2 D4 N2 L* A! x! A$ `6 Bover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: |4 Y0 f$ S4 V- z$ Y4 q
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, x& M* Q  V0 j: M' ~adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" ^  P7 W+ ~1 w" n3 i$ a/ xulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
8 E0 W7 \" ~$ RSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 Y  X8 _+ z- `2 ^2 v: G' _: y& {
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult( ]6 z; p; }7 i1 i
penile length in clinical studies.  Q! z1 _8 N" d' G; p8 o: w
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is, w& b- ]2 J( A" I: E3 A
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 V' Z, ?8 p" F* J5 ^. w. Dtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. P# S6 d' }* V: x* i! r4 q0 ]the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.; Q3 X, S* K' _' _
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
, n7 z$ d3 t1 Z/ T5 \% Vdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 P, E0 g- |- ?, \, \the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ D8 o3 G9 B( Y/ b9 x; iheight will not be affected.$ R) K0 _- i# g3 z2 U
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 t/ ^0 L* ^3 I4 \. Wability of androgen products in our society may
, A! w+ s3 n2 t5 `$ H5 t' Dindeed cause more virilization in male or female
: v5 R3 t$ ?4 a. X1 ]children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-* m& Y9 [" ^* S/ @
gen products must be considered and specific ques-3 T- k8 V7 Y: f, J
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' H0 P/ N  t( N) V' mgel should be asked of the family members during
7 G) j5 v$ }) X$ ^7 Rthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 S& K1 g4 ~$ m- O, t5 V" _+ zilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ \6 Q; J; ~3 v9 {) w% }nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
" y) B, }: k) O2 h* Qappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- ~9 z% d" {; d! K# D( a4 R# c: vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 \8 d" W+ y/ @) W: x) X& D
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive& f& m3 P3 v7 H
investigation. The primary care physician should be
: R+ R9 j4 `; u% S1 L0 zaware of this fact, because most of these children. b2 Q1 x) h; ?! U$ i7 c
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; q% K8 T8 f9 f  l2 s% j& z- m
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
" q6 x8 e* l% qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 I/ d) @  Q( l( q" A4 p; y/ l
female child who might come in contact with some-* l7 p  u* ^+ F- a1 q
one using any of these products.
2 U. U8 N* u! O9 |References3 r0 x$ b: z, m: k! _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' b( b1 F" C( V2 \1 B2 kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric- `9 l- t. x0 L( m
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& L4 V+ n% T# ^8 e1 i2 h) a% ~2002: 565-628.1 R# ]$ E% }0 Q3 C6 W0 o
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 ?# L. t$ |4 U8 l( V; T8 ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
0 h- l' Z/ N8 \& w
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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