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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old. @" _' n6 D( R1 H
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical, K4 d- q) L; H4 N& J! G0 D3 \
Exposure to Testosterone- J8 C: U/ C9 }3 R7 _* }8 O
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) n: h2 U" m' m" W" u2 c* ]0 r* Q
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
# n: D+ S0 c. D% zClinical Pediatrics7 W/ `4 g5 K# R7 G
Volume 46 Number 6
" D3 @3 ]! K; n/ m7 i! |$ i' x# ~7 jJuly 2007 540-543( U d, f! ]' `# i: G \' v, [
© 2007 Sage Publications+ R$ v! X. {! s9 {, f% {
10.1177/0009922806296651
- K8 Y! I5 {# m- B' ahttp://clp.sagepub.com: f. D- U% D/ B6 \1 ^
hosted at
* i6 {% i+ O. |) W. C$ @0 H e6 uhttp://online.sagepub.com$ K: r, e. x# ]$ d6 E: m: _
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 d4 O# k, z+ d; H" V. K5 N# Q1 {
is a significant concern for physicians. Central& X# [( A: k" Z n; V
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 }3 I% t4 M& F. z2 Tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has }1 b# w4 D" v) h7 f
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: e+ r9 ]- C; wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
$ C( z/ z! g3 @" l# j& A% V# mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
! Q1 {+ ~" t8 G3 h2 mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 d9 v. }; {& n1 J4 ~
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 ] e4 k! W7 ~) f8 k2 E& x3 Kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ j9 F' k( }. Z$ O: U7 w( p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
. f. h2 R/ e% ?$ b# n1 I lment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 s* [ ~; Z) l3 {7 q6 @) b+ t8 C
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, W2 Q% s9 h) S* Y, x' B
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-: }; y# X# }1 L& b& q& K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this4 p' S! L: b5 W1 Y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 L- u$ f; n# _2 e; x+ i% i, ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ L% G+ A# X, X$ M
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 V: I) i J8 i/ K6 {+ _/ rliterature.4' n3 d0 P+ j0 n9 V7 L( }
Patient Report
6 p! o6 W) F2 [% c) U0 SA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ h/ a% v' l7 H' z2 f2 E4 j9 J$ Mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* s' |( ?5 m) x; W3 ` [
of early sexual development. His mother noticed% U ~4 i' A7 \5 C* f9 N. E @
light colored pubic hair development when he was
2 r3 I5 V6 L2 c7 Q! c6 j6 p& Q8 s# dFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 O: E$ G; @3 }8 z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' u! \- l% K& q D& aAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) A& j& [; I8 A4 Q, M& B: O
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) t6 H- z5 J! }: s0 g+ P
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; u% Y4 K) J! `' W/ k3 p n3 C
e-mail: [email protected].. \1 w, x% g2 q5 @
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became, x2 B) ?- _) ?" q2 e. t- ^
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
2 x4 {9 d( X; G [ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. A. p) N) `! i* ]6 C
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- P' M8 G3 t# \9 d$ ]% Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 v: i, Y h& T4 o2 G; l1 s
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: x- X6 k6 X- C* h* q. e7 ^; P
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
3 ?+ _/ P: w5 h3 M3 d8 O/ n: Asolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! Y1 j3 A6 ]- w' H
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
e" n/ ~6 V( F1 X: U% Kwas age appropriate.- D* v' M: ` G" R$ f
The family history was remarkable for the father,, M4 H& q7 ?$ Z! j
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, _ R$ Q F7 D6 N
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s+ j2 a. G; y- b7 E$ ]
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( } }- m3 v! x, N/ f
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 N5 F; z8 L% e$ m6 KThe father denied taking any other medication. The5 B# S' M4 T0 [) z6 N& X4 w
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche a6 @ C/ b7 f
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
" {& ]& M$ V$ K5 g1 a8 X5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-4 b" E$ H0 j" B2 ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 O2 R* B5 s+ s4 k" y. ttives. There were no siblings.
2 E$ _) T1 g7 R8 O- M, `Physical Examination. ?6 p! M0 n! t* Z5 y' ^( v, [
The physical examination revealed a very active,) C. N4 o/ X2 a7 a- X9 ~
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; _% q0 O3 O) Ca blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 f) W( ?" v' V3 z. y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg7 m/ L& _+ P% o2 r
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- o% Q% G, J7 {4 z: avelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' X0 F; J/ w$ }4 } {! C0 B& qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 c* J* \5 a, yThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
3 V7 M) W: E5 S* senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 ?. u' D0 X0 l( |8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
n( P1 D" m" Z5 @4 M3 r2 F% s9 ndeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( X1 f; W- J0 f+ }& [540
+ e3 S2 P% R uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 v/ S; I9 r- E; C, x/ Q) D
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 X! D6 [" F8 H6 C* ~/ l2 [2 X* I& U
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( {4 v m* I. R6 } N8 [The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 f; f4 f$ T( m
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# s5 C, `( l& G k6 t
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' x' d' b$ _$ }! \' K0 K7 {& XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+* {* r/ L" m# N/ P, N h: D" d
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 T6 t, s+ D$ g! C3 ^
of papilledema.6 T) o4 O6 Q7 g3 f; P* q1 u
Laboratory Evaluation! v. m, L7 ?4 ~$ f9 D
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by- }4 j1 A2 ?1 A: C0 g3 \1 L0 p
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ l7 p9 g+ a. t/ u$ B6 A* z; r
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal& h2 x4 \, n3 `5 n. T
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test |( P; D) [0 P1 ^( W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 m+ e! K9 b. h) R
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).) [6 ^2 H! x7 W* m" J: M: Z
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. b6 N3 f W s1 P5 X, d3 zurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% p! B* r$ l, j7 ?within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 F! g; _( B' O! d: mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 Z/ L- f) E& o" x+ r! S, J4 G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20" D. @! Q/ A! G5 f
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ u- s& b$ d. }4 ]& {$ M& H+ T
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 z* V' B4 {5 ^9 J1 Q1 A9 L C: k
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) m/ _7 D9 N* Z$ Q1 r49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) A L; S0 ?' B0 B6 L/ cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 R3 L; ?/ p2 Y7 N: h1 ~
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ {, d/ |5 m U6 w! p8 Wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ G) m9 C) H. s0 B: z1 \
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 p6 e( U( X( W/ q! o4 h5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( d# k3 u2 q3 j' G( mstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone4 q6 y$ w9 k) C
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL1 R& S5 {) G$ }
(prepubertal).$ G E7 x( d; z
The parents were notified about the laboratory# o. B+ q! }0 Z6 u! t$ j" d4 a$ U m
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' C% w7 e! J$ s) o( q9 @$ S* J" V* Knormal except the testosterone level was high. The9 u* D) \3 C; ]! k
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; k. b! q( v5 E0 a! T( t4 h# Sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 U. R1 O5 C p0 K! N' q5 n, F5 z, ^ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
9 n1 E1 P4 ^4 T1 t. M% o# V; MPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
( C8 C7 t/ n- G! D. Lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- I2 R' ^* A; t" r$ I* ~- a
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained$ ~1 n5 C! C8 o/ Y/ r0 ], I
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 F, p( E- N. m4 }* R' X; Y3 Q# e
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! [& _7 j: \4 l2 G
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" o t$ `5 j: t! ?mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- T* ?7 v. p9 F1 g+ J( cThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 @3 j7 Y1 ~9 ^' m4 d
ing frequent erections.9 W6 q j( }* w1 \; f4 } ]& N
Both parents were again questioned about use of
5 L a- |4 H0 |4 h. }" u' Many ointment/creams that they may have applied to* p V4 D; t0 X; |8 X8 w* Y
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% _' q1 _) C4 E6 y `2 jTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 M% I+ v( o9 v U- t2 O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* c* ]# H$ l9 k+ K8 Oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( _# f* N# k7 s* ?/ c( T3 a' V& ?
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( w8 U% p) `' Gto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 L; k; D6 \. g! J" T/ x1 x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 c" `, S; p n3 d& ]secondary to depression.1 ]2 M8 o6 T: x7 }: e: Q
The child slept in the same bed with parents.3 c& b/ H8 b1 r8 ~; Q$ ?
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& q4 Z/ X) w8 [ s+ ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: N8 b2 w- F7 F6 ^9 G# xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.0 [! k+ J) [7 `$ N2 r
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% r/ v# {/ R9 z; R
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 e! }" C; q$ D. y+ U. Dwas high, he then read the product information3 h1 c1 K: B# E
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ k0 l$ E3 W/ ?& ]7 v) b6 N7 json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 \# L9 n- r' Y1 Q9 T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 ?$ `. T1 X- H" a& \% Z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: v! f( w1 N9 T+ e/ }- x6 Qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 f+ l3 w! r, ?% ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the% v: n ]* J/ Z2 m8 X/ ~. K
laboratory to obtain the test.
! H6 Q- Q" {$ T9 S' c7 ~3 A; d/ |: tDiscussion- A* N0 k4 W* q- I( C0 q2 \6 x
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 j+ D/ Q7 P1 f# O# y% p& n1 y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 z: g0 \$ [8 m
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- u3 e$ h4 {8 X3 O0 R0 uit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 n6 [6 E* ~$ V- \9 mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% c3 g; o2 Y8 t; g9 d, {7 T9 dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
4 q# X' H8 g, \, dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is- A8 r* f8 D6 _
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 J- X/ A% U$ X4 E. t% s2 G
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" [) I8 y0 v7 W. a8 j
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; |& M/ K$ [# [ F, q! O# E! s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-% H+ z; C1 {5 }9 ?7 ~
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-! ]1 k1 q& e C$ Q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 V- F+ S0 j/ f3 V2 ~% c
gonadotropins.1,3
0 W/ U% v8 k% Y& p% aGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 O: A# H1 I8 c# j. c/ Z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* A m: X) l s! Oandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or9 j$ ^1 w3 a; H8 M1 C4 O+ [2 g
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 O# c$ t' R' J l, R
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ }" a& s/ G4 [' B9 c& xcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% K# m7 V. R4 T0 s+ Q# t0 i- sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 {$ q8 Y; E2 L8 Y9 }6 U& J; c1 A
puberty in boys.3,4
8 s3 E- O1 G+ Z, |The most common form of congenital adrenal
0 V' Y P9 X e) Y# [' ~' ~8 H( F0 lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 @' ~# c1 o; a- ~2 U: tThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
- I# A: k) h% e$ w& q6 {( oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 g6 t0 B3 @' J1 B
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 p+ h0 @, v5 H
excess.1,3
9 R7 `$ L, Q+ ~; Y8 v2 wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- Q8 f5 ]5 h% e: P* c1 O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' E e' Z2 y2 T& u4 I
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* a$ k, _9 `, J* E+ v5 W) ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known: U% Y% f5 {" r4 Q9 b0 } Y
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a4 n6 M) Q7 A- v8 D
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
, M9 P4 [" j/ \! T6 L, E. awith this disorder are full pubertal development,+ }/ G. Q) m$ F
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, q. D: _' T, ]9 e0 Lwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 K p4 ?' j' `) h2 {6 p% d3 e9 G- uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 b$ ^; [3 M: \# O l# [
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 {+ e" C! v7 y7 M" v( zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
; F4 S$ |1 T" X, A% h kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only- x& |1 D9 ~3 N+ A4 r! u
males; therefore, other male members of the family- U4 M+ m. M2 y3 f0 I! p" x
may have similar precocious puberty.3$ z8 J4 S: Y. s! v5 j9 {
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 ` Q, q! B* _( a2 gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! h: G, H# n4 ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 F7 Y# A3 ^0 l+ k2 n
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) _' K2 @* K; V' t' l# ?( kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
: i! a/ B7 ~& t% b% T) utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the& ^- Z) |, h! J! |+ W, `& ]
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 ^/ Z+ b) S* i* u: k* Y
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our' l+ O% A5 T4 p- E
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, W! t' D2 n3 x3 b1 s8 X
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase( w4 w1 i7 g* d/ r3 o
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ v4 \1 v; J+ q% i' b9 M, U
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* v' e; I* a) o- F
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! x4 o! ]& v* e2 ?" U3 b8 O7 xsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- r3 ~* G! D# y. D
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-- G* r( k- F. j
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" b4 I) _ l6 }- v( S9 {
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
# f. i& J8 D" e7 ?/ f% `, j2 \terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was Y1 G+ g: k+ l% y9 ~% r- W
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
, r# O. i9 @) I: \2 q& }Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& x& W, K* h) S4 C) I8 g6 H+ o
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
S5 B4 f/ Z0 C$ t0 x( F8 Kunprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 l K0 w/ o1 r2 O! r% U R4 `/ U2 {
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the8 w2 P C d% d+ ]" e. w9 ~
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
" ^2 Q$ X! a" ~: D/ O" Seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 y4 r. H# ~4 s. o9 Vpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 u* C8 ^2 w% Z, S7 {4 Z/ o8 ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
# B( k5 D. o2 v$ K2 O0 `, l" ~- eOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 v' u u; t7 ]" N; Zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# q+ i: A8 y2 J1 cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
" _. g- _5 R0 I& \* D- Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 H+ p2 q5 C, w, J% a' hactive in young children exposed to testosterone- W' N3 G$ {; {& X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 R. r8 ?( ~4 S$ S( }- Sdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to y! S7 A6 T) c) \7 x
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in; u) p6 W$ u& y2 s/ ?$ d6 `
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ i9 o5 M) h5 r+ m+ oadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' s5 h" s+ x9 Q3 [
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during) S' O6 Z, F0 u; ~; \
early childhood on pubertal development and final* V/ Z1 h" K; U) o+ `( @/ r/ {- L
adult height are not fully known and always remain8 C4 z5 u' C0 i/ K8 L* C/ m1 { I5 l
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% x6 K. H# h/ k1 F) D. w
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
! D/ x1 ]& x) _& }, L7 Oacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 d m% [# G/ d1 A6 V" |- t
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation( j0 H; _8 N a
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' ]3 U; Q, |. ?6 U7 J2 L9 X
There are conflicting reports and controversy( |$ J) A' a! R: |8 s
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 ]/ j. N' K0 ^; U
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# p3 b( F( H0 H% A& [, M- |9 qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ X; ~2 p: `- g( y( G* z+ e% G
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& E8 S6 B, Z2 YSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 }" q y; n5 O4 e, Z% H4 a
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 V- P& }; x- O* ?* Rpenile length in clinical studies.
# J2 c2 {' F3 n; d; B+ o H0 LNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% T( C ]7 W( x! C
going to experience any of the untoward effects from1 ?6 [. X0 Q: A1 r l
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! \. m/ h0 R& J+ R+ H% u2 @7 {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" I6 j4 p1 [; c- K, T- w" @) U; RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
z5 [' v/ q @8 {diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: C/ C& q/ P% T, t& `
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* }% ~# B# w. l( m
height will not be affected. M2 c& t' @9 C: n1 _( n
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail- e. ^4 M9 s- d+ `
ability of androgen products in our society may
s+ ]1 g$ f2 Z4 V1 _. pindeed cause more virilization in male or female0 d3 b( M1 I) x0 d* l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 w% y: j; {4 _; [% ?
gen products must be considered and specific ques-0 L7 T$ p. l/ b. Z; G R. q3 m
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 r. q# r# j, q5 B( I" C3 tgel should be asked of the family members during
) e7 h4 s3 c5 qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. c0 w: t; Z0 ~# q6 Z" w. Uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 h' k8 e0 L4 g( ]3 g, a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
u5 s# ]% q6 F& x6 Y( ~appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 l- C/ f9 x2 Thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& _, h% o& \( O T7 H; presult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 ^0 r. h: W; v0 b2 g
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ u: J$ X, G8 j( x V" h
aware of this fact, because most of these children# `9 E0 p7 d% N3 q& [
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 H; e3 a4 [% s. h0 G& L q* O" q- IDesk Reference and package insert should also put a P D( N" i! r, F0 W4 V
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or a3 J3 f; F$ v, _
female child who might come in contact with some-* A/ C B* [" \
one using any of these products.# ?" k" O1 Y9 |- [2 P q1 _7 s
References
# c3 x( |7 B$ R/ [" t1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
, O& I/ |; l2 H; f( B; }% Oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' I2 _! |, x. A/ vEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; g2 I4 `0 n( S! I2002: 565-628.
$ b0 G! U0 P; e: L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; p' o5 z8 r8 P5 T0 e" R0 B8 {puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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