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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
/ Y$ _8 i% F. v9 H4 f eBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
- D7 M& v6 e% R& T$ \: qExposure to Testosterone
$ U8 {+ ~0 V- R. z0 LSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
# g% [ |# o3 `! y/ Land Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
; S! o( M. Q4 jClinical Pediatrics
U% N5 I/ X) F0 W7 c9 sVolume 46 Number 66 V9 ?3 I6 l1 I" s
July 2007 540-543
2 m! h% L- x$ V; f/ L; D© 2007 Sage Publications( K2 `' \4 t2 Y# }
10.1177/00099228062966513 e7 A# @/ y v* H- p* e0 U$ G
http://clp.sagepub.com0 T, S. n) @- \% Z2 H
hosted at
5 {; o6 Z5 e- F1 f, F3 [' X" a$ _http://online.sagepub.com" B! j. J0 Y. n) }
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
7 h( y) i6 n R7 bis a significant concern for physicians. Central1 T+ ]! W4 @7 q4 [. C X# y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
\! B7 N5 G7 j# g% U& Z& xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ G. v. s3 B S8 L+ `a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
/ s4 X: y0 _' b0 Y/ [0 x+ qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ u* v+ F5 ?" J! P1 c1 X2 e0 K H' Q
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 [* V3 q, M/ J5 F, ?; \. T- o
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-. H: S8 e D) S: {9 S: Z4 p( n
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
" \7 I2 P6 g) d# o# yreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' ^' ^- n/ P+ U4 N% t0 D; xenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. U$ c3 C$ y# E& S7 E/ h; Z5 H
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due" F+ `$ N D& ?% y; @6 h
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
D. ^8 ]( }8 @) r1 h( X# X; b# Cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 G' ^' t- a: } l, U. Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 Q$ ]$ W- P3 u& V" fchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# i) I [6 q2 m! q+ Stestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' Y2 D! ?1 O' q, w
bly more common than the rare case report in the
/ w, S/ B; B7 B4 I$ ]literature.4/ N, a3 `5 g* r; A: G
Patient Report
) ?+ d1 P2 v7 a: M& u; y9 iA 16-month-old white child was referred to the& t5 }: a* U) O+ u# g) t3 s
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 A$ S) q. }( P4 e9 S' v1 }of early sexual development. His mother noticed9 P/ W' p- i1 I$ p
light colored pubic hair development when he was
7 T% c, t5 m$ zFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 J j! m$ Q% f8 |4 U/ i( U
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: j1 v4 N+ ? O( V6 I0 j
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" M, n5 h! s0 MProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( |: v7 R0 }2 i" \; eMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ J7 Z1 u! }, @* m* \( ?
e-mail: [email protected]./ y8 ]) d$ C$ F/ C% S0 h
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became9 {0 {( E# D: B
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# m$ R- @: j) \6 X; x8 O
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) k3 ~ R, v- }6 X* X/ L0 O) E
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with- k+ l5 x8 l* T. Y) F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ ~2 E2 {) D7 B; J x, M6 F20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% c: p# [/ W, m2 |+ ]. }" E
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
1 M- `+ q% n5 ] Vsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. |9 E' |, C9 B0 ?- ]8 ~
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* \- b) o6 i6 x/ h6 P/ z7 [was age appropriate.9 z5 }& m7 d$ e6 @5 b; ]" T! Q) x
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- R1 U5 t% F/ qwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: Q& s" D- G7 d3 C" h0 [which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- Y2 x3 x0 a% k: n4 F: G
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat U$ r9 A' D+ W7 |7 |
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- \' N/ v& K4 H% _3 OThe father denied taking any other medication. The
. b6 ^* V5 s, a5 u, w" O: q; \& Tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ S# r6 K4 R! D5 awas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 S) ^1 L5 n D6 y; ~) N" ]# s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 L; I! P/ J; S, f6 u* _! _cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 J) y% e L& |tives. There were no siblings.
# b4 l$ y: z/ i* J& MPhysical Examination
# K* Z- x0 o' n9 QThe physical examination revealed a very active,) p y( p5 e" m
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) h" }( H; K1 H" V' Q4 I. F4 Aa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
X1 |3 x7 A9 M2 J5 B e, i3 |3 L90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 x+ `+ P/ C6 |! F/ j5 o5 t(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, q7 X+ I7 F0 \" w, Gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( {% W. N' b- i% F
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 F& c4 L2 K8 z4 z0 e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) D" @" n9 F7 K( B2 u5 f5 z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 G# M! E) n" h2 Q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
2 ?5 W& {, d) p* a0 {! M; ^+ ^9 zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- J: _; k* D5 P* S' K- R0 p
540* {& E6 w# H! G! Q* J' S$ ^
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 _$ u3 f8 Z5 c1 ^: u- hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ t8 u# _. i% ]& w1 G
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 y4 ~; r. w$ u+ n3 U( y5 z9 F& JThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
( U- N" f2 n- d6 b7 ~oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& C# f% b+ J8 c8 i5 cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 h/ e; G; ]. D) U8 F3 d# A5 nNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' U! N; g4 h. J; m, o6 Pbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- ?: B3 H; l( F
of papilledema.
* _4 t3 `3 n" _6 \* S, v( {Laboratory Evaluation9 U; i# _4 \& p8 e9 q- L2 H
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
5 Q* C; I! p3 d3 E$ Q4 T/ c6 Iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: F% C8 t, l' N& l
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# u7 p# x S' l! J& y* C/ @* L& rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
" ?1 {* X( v7 A& f/ E7 u& Pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 z# R2 \) L& P Vlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# v4 _# x. R3 [* j' ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 i) m5 W4 y0 M5 turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were0 J7 ]- R& I. x
within normal range for his age. The concentration Q% O; x; @$ O* f$ B% n7 r$ f
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: d5 J! V. u) K9 _7 o(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- z2 @* e/ V- D H$ T
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 Z1 f z. n" }( L2 v V2 Y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
2 r1 h) t0 s; O, W0 `2 i4 g$ {desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# q# \( i! S2 e; _- R/ O49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; E. R2 c3 ^( A1 d' K# jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 K7 _& C5 M: o, _* D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# A% ~ k1 o5 N6 Q' D6 c, J B8 Ttestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ e% i+ x. M' @3 e7 a' i) ? `- J- t
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
a. U9 K6 k- O R4 D9 D/ H5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 U# G6 t( f* s' W: h% Z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' H+ A& _5 @/ n# i3 t
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
0 l2 a* Y2 q1 Y8 f1 T& f0 l$ S9 d(prepubertal).( ^* _+ `- Y3 d& k
The parents were notified about the laboratory% ?. t2 ^; Y2 `1 _2 q
results and were informed that all of the tests were4 l* }& q) @7 \4 @" D2 m. H
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( I2 Q7 [: E- I( F$ |$ P0 r' F% N
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
/ s/ h: X9 o$ f" O% n& `obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 r. ~: V. l! Z4 \) Rever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 |/ N$ }$ O. Y& i p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
( T5 Y- h# g; J* s$ Z# C( Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- O; }3 ?4 A- g2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ x2 p( D' o: h% wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 Z, o, V% t, jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 c- }" B6 l$ l
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 [! o5 ^9 c% C9 \/ d3 J) n
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' E% l0 h/ A" j8 q' V/ i% S' X
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
4 I6 s# | Q7 N3 X1 q5 Cing frequent erections.+ A3 o, a; f+ J5 B3 {6 c7 _' M h+ a
Both parents were again questioned about use of
+ D/ j9 p g! \: w' u; K, Lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ w0 ^: ~8 r% B
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, y) k! A$ T/ ~9 ^Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; R' R* @7 H; f9 Z0 Z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 l; r @( E% {4 m) u1 q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: n& Y! x1 _3 z% B9 a2 h. c- m5 ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed/ ?5 W! N+ b+ \4 B! q9 s
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# w; X* ~ t3 N' w6 ^scribed by his family physician for decreased libido: j7 X( m1 B. J5 L% ]
secondary to depression.
- w/ k( u* A; U! U9 E: M! NThe child slept in the same bed with parents.7 I8 \" H t) x8 j. c- C& E
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his% z$ H `( \$ {! V* K, c
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
$ p' `( [5 L1 Q4 i; m+ q+ Jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.- S& U% z# [0 F( V8 E
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
( s1 ]: }, y; Gwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 a5 }4 F5 A8 q* j* l$ Swas high, he then read the product information
0 M$ g# V. R4 e2 c( n8 K- _! Y0 Spacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
) |0 ?, I' _' h t1 L. json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
P+ F# E4 u8 j5 g* i! a* W2 ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% F( y7 S2 ?' x5 pfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had9 V8 ~% b' Y+ u' g6 B: _. R0 t, {
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. a* S6 a. X2 ], l( [0 x% b
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* f5 z" m2 U/ y7 d+ J9 ilaboratory to obtain the test.
* n. v9 ]# @" W+ u# _0 v. K/ NDiscussion
) ~3 t( x, c+ W. [' n% u% e; YPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, I: O3 O2 H, ]! T
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 Z4 y; ~' ]+ f
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 d2 A/ T% x2 n7 }
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ k$ U1 _: t1 B/ Gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 K3 o0 ^6 |( _% ^% I9 Q3 I
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 S& z/ S2 c1 C \9 H. Emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
s- ~* n2 I, e8 Nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: j4 H5 R, ^" U1 u1 h$ I5 q5 s
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-% i$ @, @9 T: \4 Q. M1 e
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! m1 ]) G6 I) D8 pboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
) P: l) o! T& D6 _4 Z" s) q8 c/ Mization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) \* ?2 m1 Y$ h, Q5 G7 Y6 T
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
2 U5 j' |" H3 O- T3 Ogonadotropins.1,31 W2 p0 J4 x: k1 ]) R
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( A9 C0 l8 v; a6 o+ [* Kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate `$ K3 T& Z$ ]7 B5 t! s
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 z" V: j( m$ T% ~exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-/ @! P; _" U. P' j% n+ o$ E' a
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( a* V# K" g+ r* |- F! econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive Q$ G- `+ q8 T2 [
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: P) f! h6 M- K3 E4 k
puberty in boys.3,4
2 S8 e* H9 p8 K; H* ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal. j& i5 F: c9 t F# V6 {
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
* L. [6 B$ a- v* VThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 {4 a$ o5 A9 t2 }6 `
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 {( q0 C: y! ?) ^8 v F6 yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen4 S- z$ `$ y& y; k5 m6 O9 G( q
excess.1,3
: K( O$ m1 q3 V. lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( {+ x5 s9 s+ E8 p3 j542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007) T+ d/ s6 q8 B: k0 o
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
6 f6 R) Q$ {( U* X" D& Vindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
. I" c7 ?. t! L" {: |3 b5 qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a: U3 M+ A5 Y9 q5 a
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
" d5 S R* A* h+ i0 g. Ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
& R7 I! }; u |including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 @4 O% D; A l, j! J4 Wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! A) w+ H4 m* s* m' `* w
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ L( d* J) f8 `* W( J) cpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. e4 M3 Q& M5 L% S; Q! Wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 L! ?; }8 q9 x& H1 A
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" h% y! A# g3 ]; }# Omales; therefore, other male members of the family' e4 U5 y+ c3 z8 D! R
may have similar precocious puberty.3
( l7 E' t) @( r+ r0 m& xIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 U( t4 b$ K( T5 X8 R" V6 ]& k( Ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
1 q8 o# W# M* p l3 c4 M/ `+ b/ wcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 D+ X: e7 H- c7 g6 D6 g) r
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
" v+ ?. J4 ]0 u! u+ o. q8 Nstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' C1 h8 s( z! {5 o2 ttesticular enlargement is not that evident in the* _) {; ~* q7 u( W9 d
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-' a" j9 Y% u5 j9 }; m
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( b* j& |' N# Y/ Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) `7 F* l i! w0 C( M/ }' @4 H) I
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) b7 }! W4 y& J2 {
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; \" {0 u) a4 \$ U$ `ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* h$ J' {4 ^% G9 K Y2 I! ~The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) V3 g) N2 j/ W$ n9 f/ [8 Psuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 R* R* ^' v- C) I* `6 ~( P0 _, xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-" @& Z( `% z* g3 {/ Q6 U
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
s- M- L B# ?6 E, L2 m3 p1 K, s: r5 Vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* z, h" Y6 e( d$ k6 f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% U- f6 Z3 o' N. Z- p+ O, a- \9 iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! F% e2 V" z% h! f! C: `- l+ z0 }Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or- Y8 i' _: I1 N f- N
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 D( P2 \ P+ K0 O9 c; E7 H
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* N6 R' \6 e' x$ w _$ v2 z- o* VSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 @ y( y9 }* G6 p0 J- u* n
baseline value in those females who were exposed to4 J9 }2 L$ J& v5 j
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
* j1 |% V, d' o8 F5 tpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, ?6 L: m: v/ P1 y1 l0 |* f* @. Etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! J) s0 m1 ]0 _# X( G3 W
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ m# x6 k$ {4 M9 [) kwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that t8 D2 H* `, @& @ h" @, ^
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: W: o/ ~+ f* h! U1 U# x' pterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 A7 }! g! o9 l- I' P2 Ractive in young children exposed to testosterone& g1 G: X. t) [5 y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* e) ]; D; W$ a- W
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 `* g2 f# q* u- `0 m2 F
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ Y! Z9 h6 V2 @# j
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, v% o; C, A* A* `advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
% E- S3 ~/ U& L' a' xThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during7 ~0 O/ X( }0 t( f# n y# `% i: @
early childhood on pubertal development and final
, B# y9 E/ N3 F( Tadult height are not fully known and always remain
8 c% p% P2 r/ W" j, ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
y8 M* D/ F6 @& N$ @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some b3 T$ O& N3 a& N- d; S# G
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 \7 P& P/ q/ j; Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation) b* D- d2 h1 l3 l
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( z G, Z' D* n' x: [) l- LThere are conflicting reports and controversy
3 Q6 f- D$ E4 T, E& f( vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
. Y# S( o! ^% ]( Mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# p* u I1 m' J: R, s" Vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
0 K! u* h7 U$ o/ h0 ]ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 e- g4 K& i, b# U+ P5 A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ n/ l8 ?2 K4 Y8 Y( |childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 N9 T8 g+ _1 f1 W1 N6 _
penile length in clinical studies.
& M* R. |7 p' f: [7 lNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 _/ h; s9 z3 wgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
- {2 r8 r6 B. i% z( Ztestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because6 F' E* J8 i8 }7 ?; G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: w B+ D. t& rAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of1 C: j( s) P/ A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 f# g) d: l. c/ {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
$ L7 D9 h- P/ ~& U' W9 E$ [8 ^height will not be affected.
( ]# ?0 f- ?4 B! ]; d, G- iAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 I; j5 J0 H: n0 O7 i' r! pability of androgen products in our society may: k2 K" o2 x2 ?6 @
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
% J+ R# J7 @* G0 \) T- W) Z# N! `children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-; f; L" Z1 A& W4 l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-) X3 C& ?5 ]- k
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' p/ @, S3 P" Ogel should be asked of the family members during. b; z) M6 y: F) m/ D0 k
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# ?) \. i/ o( Wilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag- P R+ J5 c3 z5 a. q1 x: u
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 m1 [6 ]3 n: B/ t [6 B- g& T
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a- R1 o+ J7 d* n4 o! T% h+ h- W* X3 R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) s9 r* z! L& G" R! A% f
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! V7 E( L/ `; ^3 V# N
investigation. The primary care physician should be
% ]0 j1 d6 V# I% T0 y6 _- yaware of this fact, because most of these children: ]/ `# }( |& {; g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
' d: w e3 X) c+ J( ^Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
3 e1 g- t; j! C6 Nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! [* e3 p H3 C7 qfemale child who might come in contact with some-
; I- ]3 ?3 V% L2 c9 T& o% d9 wone using any of these products.
; S- q q+ J0 F4 i$ HReferences1 K% D6 m" |" u1 q4 K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ F3 y1 g) }; m
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 \% q/ h4 \# O+ m! NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! s8 c* M" [9 N8 m) r3 M6 A
2002: 565-628.7 B6 O: u' M+ P0 ^ D
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- C3 z/ d5 j9 u& f' _* mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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