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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
4 V* \$ b6 J( h! B& O, ?4 i* zBoy Induced by Indirect Topical, A( {$ I7 h* P
Exposure to Testosterone
5 v: |. p5 ~8 qSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( P/ G5 K$ u& b! J& d, gand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 q' N  ^- F; w- g) UClinical Pediatrics
1 P4 L6 {6 E  D* GVolume 46 Number 6
* O2 |0 a7 W( }0 v% }July 2007 540-543
' Q$ z4 |0 }( \  D9 ^, d© 2007 Sage Publications, d% N% B$ N' E  g
10.1177/00099228062966513 j/ M, z( n7 u) x
http://clp.sagepub.com0 v% k. K2 `8 v# I9 X3 p+ Q& K
hosted at9 i6 z. _4 }' R" f. {$ s0 ]. V4 Y
http://online.sagepub.com
) K  Y, {( V3 Z' Z) I% aPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 R2 t" S) p2 m- R% his a significant concern for physicians. Central, O) L: u. w7 Q
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
% ~+ D, Y& E1 c6 X! pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
1 z  `( P2 B8 Z1 G5 V! Ka higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 q* F+ j, P2 c6 tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; |( A/ @# n' ]5 Gby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 Q( _- R) x! ]+ [
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* m* B, |0 f8 X% S& A8 M% S9 _cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
$ b7 j. l9 W2 a0 K4 T) areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; g' |7 v1 z* s: v8 K1 Fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
; W9 `" w1 |6 u0 Q% ^4 {: @% l; m5 vment without testicular enlargement, which was due# }  U4 |/ _  z8 Y/ j
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ r. r4 o9 C# b  `. othe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& C% J3 R  U7 ~% Dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 n* Y6 `% T& I" O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( M. f* d% R. {: _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-5 s# ~6 ^; T+ p4 K' b1 {0 f* L
bly more common than the rare case report in the
! v) ?9 b$ d. d0 ?6 D# mliterature.4
$ G( q6 g% ?% b8 y+ K- ?Patient Report" o. c, x$ l8 s  v' P1 A
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 H! |9 i8 Q7 v, }/ J# H
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# Z4 t# y; \6 B6 T- y! yof early sexual development. His mother noticed
, Y6 s: {$ H" u, G' b% {; h' Clight colored pubic hair development when he was7 n) p6 `9 P. t* f. q# c* Q/ c
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of: Y3 A) r- ]" W* m0 F
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 h1 t9 u% m8 t+ pAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
1 e! K0 w4 x5 f( Y% ~/ qProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of- t" W( Q( |% O
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) M9 o( f' m7 s/ ne-mail: [email protected].
: E$ K4 _6 `" k) Uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 @4 T/ B7 u) c, J9 l: r; j: X
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ {' v3 M/ n+ K5 O5 p7 f5 {
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: s. G  G; n4 Z# D6 |2 fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- m+ U% G, z) q- L5 r7 xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. e; X8 o7 k8 C& F, q/ Q
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% j- }1 h. s' [5 A
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with& ?" A4 i! d. U3 H* y$ [+ S; _
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- }: e# e$ {1 Jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development, ?/ z2 Y' K8 R. |/ N$ b
was age appropriate.9 [1 N1 c6 L% ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,
  ~5 Z- D, i* j, o: G9 @: ^who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 c) y/ L" K. b6 g' Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% l4 {- u* j) \' Lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat6 ^/ i3 w/ N6 _# T5 X
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 H! \7 s% E8 m0 i8 t  }
The father denied taking any other medication. The
9 V8 P+ n' R$ u: q  Rchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( @6 ]) E- o' A" h8 Lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 ~5 T6 [$ W% Z) \, N5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" E$ u* }+ R3 R) Fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 H7 K* M1 q+ L4 f8 J( [! r
tives. There were no siblings.
( H# v; q& y2 nPhysical Examination: i) h" X, u% F; f
The physical examination revealed a very active,
2 d' I8 \: a2 _" ]0 Nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! O; G  `+ e1 V5 `. b4 s1 ~
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 E% I' t* M! Y3 `6 _  V9 V
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# e/ T5 @7 N# a, S(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, D+ h1 \3 A( n& K4 C6 M+ f' g1 cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 A5 ^3 G) l: Z7 Z/ Z5 a0 Kthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
0 {  e) M3 t) ?) j' \9 lThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ u3 o* h( j- g  E$ T3 E
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* P  E" d! [# I$ O- X" n) w8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* y4 q+ N6 ^- J6 k5 L
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 i3 n3 m* j$ ]) P' |+ |8 s
540
( ?6 f5 _& }6 tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, r) m' |$ R6 h# a
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' q: M- N; Z8 m& }$ ]
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., c5 k0 e% p' E/ y
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; j. y8 g5 @6 V3 p# Q, P
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ Q. u, p* v, a- eabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 R- B) V/ s# K: U
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 {. V+ m. {8 a6 H5 Z, J% N
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: E2 y; `* V' g; r+ H. h& E4 kof papilledema.0 U; ]& N# g4 R3 Y
Laboratory Evaluation
7 s+ E2 }! K/ i& A+ BThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 m+ @9 z6 \" F" E. A# c; g" v
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 \# v! U* o  G+ Xlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 H% F: G  K9 G9 m
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  J0 K; D4 k! c! ~! k  K
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
7 W) R, u2 z' e- Hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).5 G# p1 _# E7 z
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 v9 d7 D4 Q- [urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: U, `( z) T4 j' s( twithin normal range for his age. The concentration
- a5 ], Q1 m) {' `of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL1 ?: H' [' [$ p& B6 `- N! ~; }' c
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: _* w$ M- Z; U( v- Q  S
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-8 c2 }. W8 z# i, a  `0 W' q! O  G2 N; O
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 g( Z0 Z$ }) `9 m" }) ~
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- X  q" |' ]) }" b6 \7 L49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). D0 u' N) V" S* h
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( P3 T5 X0 X, u0 ?! [tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: E) A* g2 w0 q+ b* utestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 v) H, M, H( B' D+ E+ C) M
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 W  Z( ^7 _, k) o; \4 n5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 X* `" w6 M( u% d8 tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* r  k% @% c1 B7 M6 iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
) c: f/ F3 Y! t7 }, {' g5 @9 {(prepubertal).
% x9 R! q. s- x# U; K( m( [1 u5 ]The parents were notified about the laboratory
# f; j+ e- o. U0 h; gresults and were informed that all of the tests were. k* a+ b2 B) M
normal except the testosterone level was high. The9 Q8 m# g+ `5 k% r0 |% e, Y
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
7 P- h* O8 Z5 F% |% n  ]% Cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' K* `* d8 {" p4 Y
ever, the family did not return for 4 months." q5 l1 l5 r) U& c' n
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
! B: J9 e. b/ j. D4 x8 lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
# [/ X  x1 u8 ?2 P2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ t" v  l1 G: M# H! I, H; tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ U* i2 n0 R5 y+ U1 l8 n
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
! a# B8 x+ E' |3 g& ~& D7 Ithe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 Z; h) Z% I, o* w+ {! W$ z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
2 x- `# U; c2 y" _6 |; fThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- p1 Q& u+ Z% O# I. E, i
ing frequent erections.
' C* |  N+ M6 P" S) F7 U+ g- UBoth parents were again questioned about use of9 i& T! d, c! o- R+ K8 E0 S, A$ m
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
" g" S3 p- `1 W4 ]/ `* e( a- Hthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
0 e( ^+ l! E/ E) A0 z8 _Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541/ c7 R# s% L6 G0 Z0 y3 b) `) S
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 C+ _" l( Y2 T- r% Y
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 U' i  \, ~, h7 p0 Q6 E! R& s
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
" D( L* _3 O$ X3 Z0 D% b9 O4 qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-0 h1 y5 F7 z/ G2 U* c
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. O7 I5 v" U* csecondary to depression.' [9 |& d& T/ s1 l: v
The child slept in the same bed with parents.6 B" o* }- X3 Y% h: f' ?! R
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his, _+ t+ _3 e! J
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-  U  ?8 |9 Y4 }3 m8 q7 t
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' ?, h, W$ Y# B0 U& M5 ~/ [$ DThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" E$ \0 n) C% bwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 B# w4 f* d0 R- Y9 Y
was high, he then read the product information
6 f3 P3 H/ w9 Kpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 p8 g* R: R2 l' bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 G- l9 a& ]! d3 [! Cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 N$ p: t5 k3 d3 q3 bfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had" D$ Z9 j7 \, f$ [; u, t
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 N. u; y- }6 g6 u7 o  W
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the1 w* m) |1 Q+ N( R
laboratory to obtain the test.
! ^& g1 J9 s( w0 f  H; _Discussion2 z* G  Y/ N3 _; e- P" y& y5 q
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary6 x5 v7 W+ {4 }
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ F0 M2 B7 p' Z7 h& \$ q
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 s/ C3 C4 k$ x0 C, Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
# {- F( o& C" u% T2 A, Athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-( d( y/ U, V5 J
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. n# k5 [) `+ |' ?" k# Bmay have a central nervous system lesion that is6 f7 ?4 n4 z9 ~7 z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 E' P9 ^/ Q& Q- M/ hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) a# t6 I6 s5 z& X0 [sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
$ {7 \! _! [* r9 d( z! Hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
) T- s. O) T& y9 t& n8 e# xization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
+ \2 T: B9 ?+ }rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by. I" t  ]/ L+ |  d# R4 H, F. @3 s
gonadotropins.1,30 ~0 N+ _9 J# i! }. p9 ~
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
) Z- l- [- O) u% Z% ]* B7 \cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ c2 z; b) g7 m! S
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
  X. `: i4 z& c' R4 Y) n: q; Texogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ }" q' C1 D$ y7 q: o4 s
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" ^& n% `3 y/ L3 k$ r4 z# t; fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
; c1 M0 E9 z# ?. Qadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 f$ i  W+ `% L' B3 s8 l/ Y/ upuberty in boys.3,4
. ?. d% e3 g" z7 l4 c  ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal
+ V) _& M( T* d, ~8 Q& D  _5 thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
+ G4 Q9 w4 T0 }' G$ JThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 R; M! O( L. `' Oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 t, P+ u6 H3 F% qan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen" \; C5 A+ n) f' U2 x" J( v* U
excess.1,3
0 a2 G4 i8 N2 s. @- {5 \at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 p' v) A! l( W# z( `3 K/ P2 P
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: p( R9 Y, f! L7 F4 d' b* i
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 r: S& P6 ~/ F+ [1 m2 @
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 ?' _) R" i3 o/ z2 H; @as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 |6 a- P5 d0 ]4 Q! Tvery young age. The physical findings in these boys, e# Z* {5 x9 \( j+ c0 _; _
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; ^) `" h7 I5 A% S( Y/ |including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys# X7 n1 h( @' ^
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! I* @1 Y, @3 }9 \6 X. o
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- {) z( }7 D+ r$ s
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
& |, z0 f- i5 e9 H/ s6 A9 r  \5 Vreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked+ u% R7 {& k* h6 i2 z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
: l! X# A3 _' j+ p$ [males; therefore, other male members of the family
+ W' N: g3 ]3 umay have similar precocious puberty.32 n% r5 P, j. U4 ?( C) z6 y
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
( }' C' a9 T4 Wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-- {3 y& d- ?8 D! W) s( A1 M
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, G5 H) I3 R: X1 @, l# q$ }" Wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 b: j0 ^" [* t/ Z  [+ u5 {7 j8 Zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& A6 N) m4 a- ^8 f
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
& I0 ]* E1 f. k0 i3 _5 _beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-; H8 |  c) M8 D2 y
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 H  m- }0 a, R2 r1 {
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" p$ D% e& o: V/ veither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 f4 @) T% z. w. @1 m2 ldeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, `( r" }- F! H/ T2 k
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& U0 [. \. Y: E; d5 @The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% ]$ }0 s0 f" }% N4 D: s# L
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
. ]4 w! \" Y7 ~+ ~9 F$ }the physical examination revealed the complete disap-' I5 k8 V9 h7 `6 K7 t
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 h3 I! F5 q8 p+ K0 V5 y$ }
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ R3 H0 l) L/ v1 K  }terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was8 z. p: {0 }) |# t
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; X6 N! x$ {& o, |Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% B& H  H6 j- E4 a' bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 F' C4 w& r* H3 J- @2 f
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ H' V/ k- T4 w5 s! YSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the  C1 A8 p/ j3 W* i) X, ?
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ O9 y* n. d* T9 Q2 feven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! e) u2 e" }- W; }* R5 M. Z
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 k. R* q) n5 I1 u6 D7 x+ ation site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 [( Z2 \7 E! `/ A$ f7 U9 hOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ k+ g# y% u. K1 |6 L
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that% ?& i( i3 V0 g! a2 ^9 J* l
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" T; y3 }. m& k# ]! y9 b
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# |; c  _9 [/ A; @& R# o
active in young children exposed to testosterone- m+ j* j$ S5 @( ], F7 v" H
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. Z; ^2 O5 {+ `4 d/ y
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to9 X4 Q0 }5 w# d& L& h
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) a/ e5 c4 E% o% C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 C) f6 e. G! P8 W7 T" v& Q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% ~% q. O+ X. m
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' L2 U" J" }" c2 o3 g7 w$ Hearly childhood on pubertal development and final) O( s/ }6 X  C1 L$ x
adult height are not fully known and always remain; C3 u) Q* \6 e4 j* }& t
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
% R1 x+ x7 D4 M& y! d% Cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 @8 D: N3 Q/ U- w( [  i( r
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% k5 G9 V9 _+ P4 |( |1 a8 s( E* M
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation  ]+ Z4 K7 \1 R7 ~- ^: m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; M9 d0 ]/ L! L3 n. y0 {: uThere are conflicting reports and controversy: Y: e% e) [6 X7 c, s
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult1 i0 H9 }9 ]9 B. h+ r
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
% ~0 Z* N' C5 ^* R# Fadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* R" V9 g4 C# F& Gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 Z# R* A, l7 M
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 c+ J" [/ w0 lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult5 |) i0 s7 \% c. R+ Z
penile length in clinical studies.. X3 q1 n- C, L# ^) f' }
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 a! l( S, r0 a( g4 n
going to experience any of the untoward effects from: T0 d% M7 s4 u6 c0 H5 |8 S
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( \$ t6 }4 f9 ]7 b: q  y' @' Mthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ f* z& B- i) g
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* R1 y4 K# X$ ?  j% ^# J
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! ^/ Q3 @/ a+ p1 g* L3 Q% Uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult6 }4 V8 x3 k0 l* c9 o9 M
height will not be affected.
4 q% }6 l; b3 a# G) w& ^* lAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-# T2 S  w4 [. p5 x/ K
ability of androgen products in our society may
! X9 e# m; y- L4 v1 H- X$ rindeed cause more virilization in male or female
( X: e, g/ p# k% g# ~3 N$ v5 Gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
# z1 c# c6 T& H0 j8 Pgen products must be considered and specific ques-( P4 I/ x' P. C, ]9 m6 o; Q
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ W: e$ K5 |7 C( O" g, w- U9 C
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 q: \1 ^/ J0 n2 z; R: Ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# c0 P% v+ u5 r6 j! j1 |; Nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) k; H! h% ~8 ]4 }0 R. o/ r/ l! N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. ~. l8 b2 f1 b- q$ z) A! p+ Xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 Y* Y( x0 }0 Z5 r, R3 n
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, q) @5 V/ l, h+ A0 l* p& Q
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
  Z: z# K" A' w# Einvestigation. The primary care physician should be
% }4 K3 `( v/ s# ]7 naware of this fact, because most of these children, ~5 c" m/ _, b0 [
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 e3 a" z: E( `0 ^, ZDesk Reference and package insert should also put a& }8 r' s5 [& o  }' U; x. s
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 Q) H; |# D; {5 Z1 g
female child who might come in contact with some-8 f/ L8 w/ f/ o) J* Q8 Q, K2 S
one using any of these products.
* f9 Y9 K% ~6 m% A8 ?References% z0 C$ F' U, k
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% k6 s, A' _. Q( D' X) G0 m4 g& dand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. Y  C6 s/ I* ?6 f0 N3 n$ JEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 S0 m) E# O* s( A5 E2 x
2002: 565-628.& p; N' D, x; c0 \
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 ~; z: }7 x5 x6 |& Q' X+ rpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old* T) s2 m( k. V+ Q/ B$ y. ]
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
# d6 Y/ _& k5 r: J% A  G/ FExposure to Testosterone
5 A9 l. }1 A8 A: i5 ?Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
+ y& z7 \( y& e! F2 `! band Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1; P* F* O% k5 |0 i* G1 k
Clinical Pediatrics* ^" Z5 F/ [( {8 w) G
Volume 46 Number 6) l3 n) @9 |" T; F7 y2 ^3 D
July 2007 540-543) z" O3 u3 ], A6 j/ x
© 2007 Sage Publications
& d* a. Q+ v9 c10.1177/0009922806296651
$ C/ M/ h2 ]- h9 Khttp://clp.sagepub.com
- @1 L) P6 E" S8 Y! ihosted at
! R# c$ t  ~) c6 _4 I7 shttp://online.sagepub.com
& V6 p& m) [! ^- L& d5 {7 |Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* w0 N9 ?6 j% f  ]7 Jis a significant concern for physicians. Central
; V& i2 ]  [" w. J1 @# X* k( z9 jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 P/ w6 z- P- z. r; cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
# z; e3 X' D8 U$ A' x8 X1 La higher incidence of organic central nervous system3 X9 B4 N1 X1 |2 @: m
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 k2 L1 }  f; ]* `2 ^$ |
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic, v& f4 ]1 v* R7 E1 o
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ m1 e( G/ F* Y7 n" R
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& J' w6 ]- j4 g+ E2 {: ereport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 D; E$ |9 s$ b7 L3 u
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( f/ m% I) W% l4 q5 O* F
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- P% |1 G2 g( s$ ]) n8 jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, W0 a  A# Q! j/ H. c
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! e0 n1 {/ ]# B5 }+ Smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% l2 R% o1 N& x" e
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; Y9 ?' [% J' d4 ^7 {$ g
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- I4 V. T8 z1 t# D
bly more common than the rare case report in the- T& L* [5 S* \5 c' c4 o/ W. B* A3 D9 r5 q
literature.4
) l( u$ a: `( U% H- U* i7 lPatient Report
" I$ g. w4 `, B8 M; ~8 W  IA 16-month-old white child was referred to the& o9 F5 K- Z* D- D+ ^# ^
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern6 m) ]8 b  ]# \  }/ a. Y0 \
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
  T$ X. K* H/ ~7 e0 L9 Z. Hlight colored pubic hair development when he was
3 v/ e2 I/ F$ ?! Y5 i* u3 v5 EFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ W7 @% p3 j! d* u. z2 L
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: ~3 J# Z. Y" d- @3 d
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, a$ S; \) Z! q/ q9 PProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
8 y6 ~& B6 d$ P: ^: I9 n- LMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. |& |4 \8 W7 r# Ce-mail: [email protected].
* f$ C: p- L; I9 oabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& I3 w6 V; P' d: w  ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. B0 h. g* E' s) T; G( Kment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
' p. Y) w, w1 V3 ?0 fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) Y- ~0 p5 E) L) ua birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" i  j+ L; v" ^, H. d8 {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- \* _5 e, d( Y( G
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: e- K" B5 R: X' \4 S3 d/ B) T
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,& Z1 e/ O. r- L* `
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
2 {! W* I: L* Vwas age appropriate.
  K9 _9 ~8 n4 q  @The family history was remarkable for the father,
% o, z8 j7 [0 r; ^$ `who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 I+ l# @  K+ R' u* H1 Y
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
' S& R( m5 ]; [% s2 D. Y; @$ N, H/ _6 lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ G) O; E2 n0 L: Eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.# T5 o6 f5 A( ?" U
The father denied taking any other medication. The0 u% Z3 O1 f9 Z3 \: F" b
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche+ f- }' P. z/ d7 E' A9 V
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
% D5 m* l7 b, w5 v) [& z8 E5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 r+ J* C5 p7 ?cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) S2 k2 d! F3 Ctives. There were no siblings.
0 [# X% r! w  C! l; }) }Physical Examination8 x. \  M: z/ p/ B7 f
The physical examination revealed a very active,
9 q5 e0 g: x: V9 w/ t: oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented+ c. ~# }% {( S$ A" l
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
$ Y; [, O) ]3 i7 Y" {- N90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 B* r# U+ k# e5 y3 B
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth  j- |6 I3 s" g$ f1 n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. B' q: D8 H& B9 S, othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! T: R3 d! W; L& V
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
  w7 K$ [6 F; V) ^' Penlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! u. V5 }9 `* y- G8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ n& u; L* z& r; ^* k% C' z6 a8 hdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
2 m  Q1 _" u: I% {3 `  X: A: @7 \540
$ D$ |# J: y3 X  }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 Q* K2 f4 D' N1 O/ _# D
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ O3 w+ ?: p" B8 J' A0 ]testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 Y2 t% I5 y" _- M6 W. ^& A. V
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) o1 s, a) l5 U6 K, y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& ^3 k* J& z% x6 O/ ^9 B: S
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
9 o' @7 p( |$ A. R+ y* PNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+6 |, A4 V/ }. r/ M; k* G# Q
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* Q+ O  \( \$ a& t' s3 cof papilledema.7 g2 x; T* q4 D& }$ q
Laboratory Evaluation( m& \. S( A2 V4 X& V2 _) q+ r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 c5 C2 {0 f1 C
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: B5 W  ^9 f  j* C  Z) u  q2 Y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ m2 r) v  @$ D' M, [
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 Y' O. _0 U, v* s9 Y, R# qshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
4 r7 C, R, J) zlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 u  D1 ]# w7 J) U5 J3 U/ H- y) q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 C* m7 P: l+ C9 murea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 R7 C4 R2 o9 [
within normal range for his age. The concentration: E% o: `  H  ]" x# R6 n
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 w  @8 z5 {/ t( m) P1 V- I, Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 N% T6 p: r9 W
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 J7 z8 R6 b# \terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( ~, V, I. p4 N( F4 Edesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! N$ w2 c2 c; _8 j+ G4 q0 ~
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 l# H" d# O' w3 }: V# Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 M, o7 n  i; f) _
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total) [4 r& P7 D' ~6 f% S2 H* f
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% V% r9 i. R9 S  ^+ band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
* Z( ~7 r7 l1 d3 k0 Y( S0 ?9 G5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
2 ~6 l/ ^( ~% g. P$ H2 S$ astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: h6 r: C/ e2 b4 `) ^( mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
( x; D5 d' a6 `; N9 p(prepubertal).
/ d" l% K: u0 A2 h; gThe parents were notified about the laboratory* f) C+ `1 `" P6 {
results and were informed that all of the tests were
# ~: r% N' w4 u0 x$ [normal except the testosterone level was high. The# F7 E( S- T( }" U2 J, \) m
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! @; C) v) |5 Z- x5 t9 h
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 a6 D$ J4 S( C* K8 j
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
# t5 B; G5 z: _Physical examination at this time revealed that the
0 R" j* x$ E$ A! }" Kchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. ~" j9 T1 P0 w7 }6 ?# c2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! J( I5 F* R  B3 g" e6 c! Runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 z0 p+ Y- S& V+ cpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' |+ J, g7 N! d/ z  e/ d, Dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% z0 \) x& o: |3 r: `/ _  T6 n- w
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% X, C0 Y( h6 p/ L( N3 G- K" {
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; J" R8 ^. E+ f. K) o
ing frequent erections.
* U6 ?5 W& j5 tBoth parents were again questioned about use of  W. K  B- B5 l
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 c& h& G" U0 e) ?the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the; V+ s& n# z1 ]& I; ]
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. z  m( U& u9 _0 U& N) N
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-$ A; g4 A! D' c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
0 C( \/ g! U8 b+ ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 N0 W6 T8 ~6 i% T$ m
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-& C$ r' c9 T9 z4 t: w& q- u
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 r  Y/ i( f0 M$ s1 l  q
secondary to depression.
0 B5 d7 l* P2 l1 fThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 R9 o: n1 m* n  h% [6 i! ]; v
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
! e/ J6 |& j( Achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: U- c* W4 e, U, I. B+ Bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.8 K2 G  \, ^! X5 ~. j5 n9 ~  i& p
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
9 T' f& f/ t$ [) Y7 U9 ?when he learned the testosterone level in the baby$ A1 S. ~" b+ B/ `
was high, he then read the product information" w# m& T+ H/ U! S6 {! a- [9 N
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' |1 ^' w9 ?9 B+ f/ Qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 |+ u$ F. q# [: edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* d+ ~" O& n5 W/ e& S6 D* \" Gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: ^- o+ I0 M7 {% hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- `- K1 P' z+ @9 p0 X1 t
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the! D" k6 d/ N4 M% r/ h
laboratory to obtain the test.
# B& T2 [$ l# n9 m7 K4 l( iDiscussion
  T, K# B! c7 t# H6 {5 ePrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 u2 T1 _$ r& ^% e  [% [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. F( [% c3 v. ]: l% dPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 y$ q" _2 p+ \' S" i$ m/ {; H
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 _. ?- I( H: R
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. T% J7 K+ n) [9 ^3 V' B8 fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
9 B+ V( _' u3 S" M5 [. Y- gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is! y  x3 b% T; Y  a$ R2 E% m
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
( x: L8 g8 ]+ j; {- Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( \4 I& v5 {' R. e0 _- b
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# L8 _5 V+ _3 \/ D; s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
* G+ X0 }" J6 `& {" D; hization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-& h7 ]7 M- G( q, v- o
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by  _% Z- t9 ^# v
gonadotropins.1,3
1 Q, T. I" I2 q. `Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 D! ]& _7 }8 ]0 L8 x$ P; V3 L7 c5 Bcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
1 `* {) o9 s( ?/ E* K0 Bandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" t& d; {3 M2 F% p! w6 M: Oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 B* z6 n! y+ |! b) z5 U. Sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
$ ^0 H) D8 ?0 q; ocongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
8 z+ [" G0 O; W7 G! I5 B6 M8 ^  uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 I0 i% `) z9 T% wpuberty in boys.3,4, A# W6 l2 N& j! a0 L% E8 u
The most common form of congenital adrenal( a- s; [+ d: E9 e
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., F0 p5 ]. ]( k& i; ~8 q7 N" z# m. R
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) N4 v4 ~5 \' y% rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
' C0 Q& y) f4 N+ r% b$ }" ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ p; H  o' L1 r& ~- Z2 T: uexcess.1,3
% @$ Z* Q2 Y" j9 d! Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' ^' X& _7 C- b& z& z
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007+ A/ B. }: ?0 ^2 S3 b+ z
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- h" D+ P! i. x, i  q) y& w
independent precocious puberty, which is also known5 @* u. ?8 l% J' L& P9 s
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 D4 P# {& k. A" ?
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# Q! c+ N  B* uwith this disorder are full pubertal development,! ~1 M4 ^3 P: ?4 ~$ [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  ?# d& A8 f- }5 D( D' Y! d* Hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder1 g  F7 g! H: A  o5 g$ ]; I
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, I. d, I3 W9 a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 I5 A1 P* n; m( n: m
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked* R3 r; |6 j1 L/ r
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only, K" j+ m( A) s
males; therefore, other male members of the family
* d* d, T: L! k, vmay have similar precocious puberty.35 G* o$ }( j  w4 e) N# A
In our patient, physical examination was incon-" w$ l) k2 h0 z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
, P9 d0 _3 {+ [  w  ycles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* I- a3 e0 C  Q4 ^4 swas in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 G. L$ E( a) e' q" r5 k4 n$ g. m+ o, Gstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," C4 \( p0 N; y0 R6 @, ?
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
$ u; j* U, B  G: F% ]. U8 e, dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-: U" i+ }3 p% `
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ i5 V, d: Z, @" a2 w" N& @biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
7 c2 `8 G7 g5 U  n/ P- _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# A$ y* o' n4 U- `( T% _8 H
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
$ @1 V* \1 B5 u# Iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 X& W  w( a8 I
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
& B& I8 d8 E1 A' F* t. d3 {$ Ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
! p% Z- T- O+ xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 J' z" S1 ^1 U
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( ]8 R0 ^$ P2 r6 Z$ Edecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 _) h, C& [0 ^: e% B/ E5 S; v
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( y3 ~" `; w) j! W& Rusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ j1 f2 M6 T6 D8 H3 L
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* G/ l: b9 g2 n5 s! E  s' _0 jcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ Z- W1 f  B  `  y6 U+ u
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; [8 H0 K5 R( R) V+ D- G6 U8 l
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 ~1 Y0 m! K$ [
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 _' B; _" {0 ]even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
1 G4 T: S( }1 ]( K" v& l# ^+ c5 t3 zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ }1 r& c# c$ I9 L2 K4 p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.  |$ @( p7 v4 l, M
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 A$ Q5 Q, {0 Y: swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: t* W9 B5 `# _5 ?' u
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  m+ i  c+ F. A
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ S$ W0 v: D5 `, C. Vactive in young children exposed to testosterone
% y6 }1 _; c1 l: b! Z* Y; [4 _exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. j- t( Z9 V& A% u4 }! W! i
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' r: ?8 C7 y# a( N
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
! y+ v$ ^; [; Y% R; o. L7 Schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
1 T% w7 B" E) z+ g" W- cadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
3 w' W4 }6 k: |9 Z  l# MThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 I( v, v: |* [) L
early childhood on pubertal development and final
5 X7 i* m" w! z$ ]5 G+ `adult height are not fully known and always remain
8 A& F* g8 B4 C# [+ Z' i: Ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 @, u! C9 q6 T) Lterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* s. d$ G9 f. z3 x  q
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ I6 I8 H7 c& S4 d' h5 v7 w
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 e$ g# m; j, i! Pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: b" T; K0 `0 oThere are conflicting reports and controversy+ x+ V  B! e  L
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: r& Q' |! \/ Ypenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 _5 l5 h' V& ]8 Z
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-# ]% t# K6 x! v' `1 o, {
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 i# h+ K9 r0 l# h# A* Z* K
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 c+ k/ N7 {0 l' g
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' }0 \  Y  d9 u! ~& xpenile length in clinical studies.
- \$ b8 E9 e: tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 L" k5 B3 l. \- r/ E6 x- J/ ~$ z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- s2 X( [# n3 d: v3 L- l; q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ K& r/ k$ a& H1 Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
. K' ^2 _# z, `% LAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 `" B  E" ]9 ~  Vdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at  _/ k% e" p' Y: X$ A
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult/ N$ Y6 |3 w& ?1 F0 ^  b
height will not be affected.
: c5 Z: I: q$ l, h8 `$ D7 r  YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
0 A* K$ l- G0 sability of androgen products in our society may
! [" E# ~9 g8 G( T0 y6 Sindeed cause more virilization in male or female+ ^) {1 ~9 t+ G* H; ~
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 L4 S7 Q6 l. V2 e
gen products must be considered and specific ques-6 c0 P* a$ }  \& {  \
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 D' ~  S: [' }5 h3 ?! u7 h9 Bgel should be asked of the family members during
/ k+ D# R. ^1 v) C: S- h* w* Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
  Q+ f7 P7 ]" R# d1 Ailization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' m6 }' z) Q' w1 ^, G: ]* C
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by* g. }6 u6 u' D) O7 z8 b
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& z8 V2 n7 P3 h( B3 c! c+ O7 vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! n" p$ p& C& t  B! T) h* V  W1 H
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 e8 E) }% H; minvestigation. The primary care physician should be9 W  o! t/ k$ w9 `
aware of this fact, because most of these children% c3 Y! R4 f( Z7 S5 K) K: w
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
8 L3 c# R* l0 X( t  n5 G& P4 g/ _Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
6 J. E9 E, o7 @$ K+ z/ [* {0 ^warning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 Q& }' Z0 m8 ~9 g6 U5 b5 _! o/ ^7 O
female child who might come in contact with some-
# i0 L* z1 {9 [) |one using any of these products.# U% `" O+ c* s! d
References
. `& C2 q# y' E- ]1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" q3 j) n# |6 P  W; ^and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
# H8 k* q$ ?6 O8 ?0 dEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) l+ J4 t: T; o( j, N  X2002: 565-628.
3 Y" |! M: A. _# L$ D. \2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& n0 n8 }4 m7 U4 ]$ i4 r
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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