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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 R$ f6 f: I4 bBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
& G5 d; ^! Z8 e4 L% OExposure to Testosterone5 s6 z" O! Y) y3 ?" U* Y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,20 C0 J  n) c! P
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ ~  E7 k1 `/ z0 W& NClinical Pediatrics/ D4 Y* F- `1 R4 M% B9 l
Volume 46 Number 69 e% y4 W2 c% L6 w
July 2007 540-5437 G) X' r9 F$ _; r8 d- B) p
© 2007 Sage Publications
' I+ m6 |. i% X& M/ m+ t/ m# J1 _* W10.1177/0009922806296651
( h4 V" ?+ d2 P3 U4 f3 G6 A. Jhttp://clp.sagepub.com, y+ r( w) S1 z# k5 H5 q( W7 ]5 U
hosted at" j! e  M/ o6 z6 R; ~6 e0 z
http://online.sagepub.com4 Z* ^+ C9 B2 s1 ?! A" G6 f& h0 ~
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
' |6 v( r; T6 g& uis a significant concern for physicians. Central
/ ^! w. b4 W8 T/ |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' j/ |* x+ R+ y+ |
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
2 u: ~2 S' _" Z. U+ @) p: ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system
* W/ {9 y, N$ K! klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, {4 J' g9 l' j+ u) `$ J
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% g. O+ b% V0 e1 xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 w$ @' }+ y/ F# c& |) p: q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ n" l; {% v4 x1 Nreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- N- h% b5 s2 a. v7 {
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
6 z" }7 {/ i3 xment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% R$ T0 ~6 r6 Q& k& n! C1 D- Hto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 Q* l5 Y& H: p' pthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-% v2 N. M+ X2 I# Z# x+ {% o, q
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 r' r& u8 }3 K1 y  {; l5 V
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
% Y4 Y& H, T( Q3 C6 _& ^testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
1 K) Y% }2 ^# y" c( Cbly more common than the rare case report in the6 _- F0 q4 H9 M! H& Z
literature.4$ L0 F, v2 [6 u2 X& a' o
Patient Report
! u: W  Z# x5 G' t5 C, o/ Z* |A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* f* D$ Z/ b5 \" Tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern( T) S# x- O& A) B  A
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ v6 C: W* \/ N& Nlight colored pubic hair development when he was
4 C% l' k1 ^7 x/ HFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 T5 O. [. _: U8 J7 [% ~& pSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( q% L: d9 a1 l# J
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, v- l# B* L3 R/ sProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% c8 f0 d0 u( y6 h
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! e: l  ~7 n' K% U+ s! ~) f
e-mail: [email protected].! O/ C8 `: q- K  [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" S: O* m7 m1 @0 y7 t* K
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, a) m  D3 P; v+ j' t5 ^ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
8 ?& L+ V3 y7 w5 D' ~8 iwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( q* r7 f  ]7 {8 l
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, G$ n4 ^" e/ B: v) C6 m" S20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year1 Q) r+ m9 A! `5 h$ _  r4 K# c
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with" p, X  o- N  H- d: s1 k
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  A- Q# l4 ~% l3 tand his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ v+ b$ M. k" `  T# o/ A- U
was age appropriate.
: G% T5 z8 _& Z; z0 u' L" H2 xThe family history was remarkable for the father,
' A1 i$ P8 i0 n/ j" G/ a# Pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
( N9 M8 O, v/ Z, R4 A* Jwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ H4 U& |5 {8 R: L9 G; |6 H! G3 U  F2 Nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
, V  u1 |% G, o/ Z% tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  n7 C0 n% v" ^0 ZThe father denied taking any other medication. The- T% n3 A5 T' \. X
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 A$ ^. y1 c: L2 _0 @% J" dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- ]3 v! u' z3 @; y1 }& a. E) k5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 K1 R- j' ]- G# Q4 S5 H' E# ?cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-6 ~' ~5 j5 K" v  @4 m, Y. n, X
tives. There were no siblings.
* z7 N, |* X: k2 z' APhysical Examination( t5 g7 w. T4 H* N: x; ^9 u. V7 w
The physical examination revealed a very active,; \0 P: c) _5 l6 k
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented1 X: u1 |2 o. m) O
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was+ ^: g# {6 U3 u* m6 K
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg: Q( b; [" W' E) ~4 P: A
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" M7 w- M: [4 V# n" y/ a
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% O7 J- H2 G0 n8 Q! X  b! l+ kthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& B$ u  g7 d# V# H- G2 kThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for; T- y5 k9 G8 \
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ `3 V5 T# b2 G8 M8 o
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  e1 e1 A  ^# z' x- I% V. r
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
- \! V7 ^3 `+ q" K8 t4 r9 _, k" X540" R. v% w+ ^2 V% r4 t  u/ ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ M# U4 {! t: `8 p4 H  _; k' a: e
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% k  j' q- X9 h- M5 Itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) S; `- U* Y9 J- O% D( w% tThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
: W( `  O9 U" k& f. foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 r9 U! n. j7 @2 O3 y
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 J0 |' }9 F* k- m- _" a. A+ J
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 g- P9 V6 }* Q  x5 G2 Dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ {7 T0 ~( d7 |. a- B8 Tof papilledema.
6 R  b; W# o2 X0 hLaboratory Evaluation
0 J& D* L3 s1 w: O9 _. XThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 \) X: N* `- [3 wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, ?' ]0 f6 ?% c# T% _4 Blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
5 `3 e2 |8 T4 i+ Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test2 d8 z9 Q( U) [3 h
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 E+ n6 ~3 K& M; g7 {7 T9 ~9 Xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 j0 [, t- n3 Z* u
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* Y/ `6 _2 ]% _( yurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
+ D' y6 E! M2 v7 u7 j+ b2 \) M$ Xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
& `, u; b% S1 s9 F6 Sof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 h# i/ t' h) {( m0 C" O(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& j5 J- |) i/ q3 ?9 o: sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( R/ w2 v6 O" d5 R. Y* r6 T- A
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
* n1 q! B; x9 D  ^( d! G2 {desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to1 |- n+ r7 ]/ k7 n; v
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)  s( g1 J8 s: g2 l
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-9 |% F) I' j& W' c
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 R  B  b, k. V" E+ V/ Ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& O# z; \. ]* ~: P2 K' Q
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 q1 R# H7 S/ X9 Z
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% k0 b: V; Q: ?/ ~# W+ ^7 A2 g
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" B/ N. w5 Z" vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
) ~" {, r9 T4 I$ R(prepubertal).' l  o) z% A. j1 l$ K9 M
The parents were notified about the laboratory7 `( o8 I4 k1 T
results and were informed that all of the tests were2 F, W" Q8 ]1 \9 w. G
normal except the testosterone level was high. The* e% A5 _7 T: z) Z, }/ _6 e
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; u% e" E8 }1 t: ~7 hobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-9 M+ ~/ n& L3 n, R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
' \3 }# _. f- B3 J6 R3 Z. x* lPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
- {) _6 F3 `3 O0 x0 @  r1 nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 p$ a; l! j2 M! u0 M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 W! u' S' L3 L' Z6 A# o: P5 vunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 ]. ?7 ^% ~9 o# g& r& kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at& r8 V  |5 d8 z4 A5 }
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ q- ?0 v8 r- X  }( U/ |mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. I  W6 A$ e' w' h2 ^: a
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ M9 g5 B) k6 e+ j5 p4 E
ing frequent erections./ V% x9 P# r( ~& k  j# i
Both parents were again questioned about use of
# z- y! T! a- y1 _0 P* nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# w; L" G' T0 Z* C! V2 p" ]the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 Y. g$ [% v3 F
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ C* @+ P" K5 F7 a9 W" cuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! g/ C3 N  `5 k0 o1 w' ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
0 i2 W5 f1 @- u8 X3 Z5 ]5 H+ |& V! La year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  N7 J  [4 }# bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
3 l! w1 }6 H2 [3 V' [9 f5 Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
- P9 y. W. v+ k! K$ S9 u% L2 J1 asecondary to depression.$ D5 J$ ^" m8 R
The child slept in the same bed with parents.9 F* H/ c1 w; v" L" [
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
  d8 y( s# o' R6 q  tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-7 p- ?+ m) T9 j
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
2 @6 {8 k; _3 ~+ B) ^The father also admitted that after the phone call,
  @5 ?1 x/ a# l3 L( G3 p4 cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ j. }9 h) f$ Z* _8 W# w$ `0 k
was high, he then read the product information" x- z  Z3 L" f' B' c0 R) Y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 C* e* M* G- M& {4 \) h/ ]+ }
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 ?" A# T' `$ X% R. kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
$ m4 I6 U% u  r4 {" _% [0 Lfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had, B1 i! {# E. u$ z. p
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 D/ G' j0 x' P7 ?test was ordered, but the family did not go to the- w% C) e' P% I. E+ w1 Y  d
laboratory to obtain the test.
0 K0 u: a5 t4 `6 |/ U$ ^' C, pDiscussion4 S5 x6 y4 c0 p+ Q9 a1 [
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 k8 C6 j; E' i3 Z; G. Esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: M" q- C" p" u) e& T/ J* G$ Q1 EPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 h0 x4 f* R, F# G3 X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ b* p. Y) K& ]) Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% V! ^! Z. f+ j& a2 b" X# y
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
4 k) j7 d# D, c% O8 Vmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 V) k4 x6 Y" a) c( o
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, B6 c* t$ [: v5 U
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 I2 G1 Z: u* o! v+ t
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" y# Q/ v7 F) ]8 I, G
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-  Q5 Q4 e  ]! [4 B/ G: D1 Q1 P0 X
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-$ O( f  G( |! ~; E3 C& E0 n1 f) e
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
5 Q8 g* B: z) N  {8 F7 T& c$ [6 Igonadotropins.1,3
* Y. U' @- H- e+ o+ d* gGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 l5 h4 x! B4 i* f
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- s" `" [$ @1 [- o+ vandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* }4 A8 Q" W) I4 r( W9 ]4 @( cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-- p& K, q" z& }+ d9 y. G! K# ]- o
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 w* Y" i4 H" ?! h+ M& u% C
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
; S0 Q$ r" s$ Y( g$ E& v- `adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' S. N: ?6 J0 a# r
puberty in boys.3,4
( I6 R/ M! s0 @The most common form of congenital adrenal
. [! l$ q' \8 |/ `: ~9 B5 @hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 j6 t$ ^# r2 y1 MThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* ~; k& P, @8 P1 P8 X; U
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ ~9 X' T& _8 \& X+ n" nan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
9 I. \9 Z' G2 J/ w& X' Rexcess.1,3
' R: G9 a: g/ |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 K. I- X1 T4 M0 D542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ W+ N1 J: [' H$ j+ x5 b/ EA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) y& z& b% c: `! o" m
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
( ^- N2 v6 o' W+ {2 pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# |( l8 S- x. x; W+ x3 |* [
very young age. The physical findings in these boys$ w' O: f# I  E. t
with this disorder are full pubertal development,0 P/ j  W8 k* P8 |7 M' y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  K+ a" A4 {, N# T# Y& Hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* y) |- h; n8 F4 _0 ?
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- ]8 `* l6 v9 ]. O- w# Z) Bpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
! c3 ?  Z5 h( m# dreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked+ i! q; E, `# |; N( Z* |
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 W4 S9 }) b8 h- x/ }. ?males; therefore, other male members of the family
! U2 _1 |5 K0 z/ s0 dmay have similar precocious puberty.3
, O+ x* m1 A( B3 ?! [In our patient, physical examination was incon-
7 [& h2 _# s# |3 G6 ]2 vsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* ^  L8 n! s& e! ^
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis' z* ~) \, z( D
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
" y1 e% P7 D+ I; M$ y1 bstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,  n6 G) o9 `- y# j: @1 @* A
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the; J+ c- @# _6 M; z. q) ^
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" m- Z) m6 B0 V% O2 e; |
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
2 C& T; X( W% G" B2 {) x- }8 obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
3 W7 n+ Z4 E, geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( B$ [3 m. c0 _2 X5 W- U' E; `$ ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
) y% e$ v4 o2 B; i: i% o! G& Z6 W2 [ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.' V" @# {/ j& J! B( R* Y
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly( d' J. K' f: ?* }4 E$ C
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ k6 ~3 K  B, X8 S0 l8 g
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 B' \! M  V4 S) T
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 D$ d# U$ B( x; P: ?% h7 @decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 c  l4 W* ]& W
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) e5 y, k- i3 Q* d7 M+ r5 l
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
' P7 Y1 Z3 V" c7 jDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. \6 T% Z2 x+ ^7 O, i* x* L
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; u- Y0 _% r% U: ?, c9 U8 xunprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ \) l, m" j7 ~* F
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 R- ~) ?( }) J( P1 p. U2 L" a
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ d/ |( N4 m+ t- ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
# O, a: I  R4 ?partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& l: Z3 p* [2 Y8 x8 \" E
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 t+ V( B, K% }! H3 W- _Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
+ {  J3 i, F6 w+ gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! T. h$ U. m* K; r5 @' y5 d. N9 Bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* ?# P* w6 P" L, V
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 A' g4 T* C2 c. F
active in young children exposed to testosterone
' ]! ]4 ^( o. r: E" f$ r+ W; g, c# uexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 c5 t# @, u; B2 K9 H
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% L9 [' Z( g! h* f. Cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% K2 N6 E; L# l6 Pchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and2 M# M0 [, a/ F9 S2 r
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.9 d. j  _# l# H  G  p
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! m- ~( |5 y9 [$ N/ J3 w
early childhood on pubertal development and final3 Q+ G9 `/ \- L* p2 q# H2 A8 b
adult height are not fully known and always remain
2 W% i1 z; M' G0 \/ L' Pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 c. E7 V6 u! T) C3 f! Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some+ I# K3 E& L" r
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- K- S2 D6 M/ Q! @# u# Y; ^0 F
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' P, y+ I8 R1 s9 |
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# p: g" J/ ?( |2 v! WThere are conflicting reports and controversy
# o  r: A' F; x: yover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& r$ Q' C. {" G
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ H8 Q, A" ?8 f3 V7 Z9 d+ Jadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 w& a* G( I7 c& ~ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 j. N/ o" m# s- C" e6 a: X" LSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between5 [4 H/ ~8 E0 K/ a/ z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: ?% w1 ~# T- v  c4 Y
penile length in clinical studies.
$ W! x2 q# a7 x* `0 gNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
6 Q9 K$ f* `8 e( ^4 F9 m; ^& |going to experience any of the untoward effects from
( v9 J* R$ e" Y5 G: Otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ j9 g, s5 }1 b8 }the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! q+ }- ~, e6 C. R, lAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
- F' \! }; ?8 X+ Udiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ z" r! j6 u8 L3 Athe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
% Z; ?6 \! }8 H9 cheight will not be affected.
3 b4 e8 r$ i8 y% X! bAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 o1 [3 V5 ]( e7 y* x
ability of androgen products in our society may
, Z+ p/ ?% l& V* Z1 @, a' Lindeed cause more virilization in male or female) X# a8 e! p& Z$ u( l6 d! p
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 o9 M- K- p& J( s- @0 ^gen products must be considered and specific ques-$ M7 k1 c& J4 D) y/ N& l
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
% S# I( P2 }* [  v# @: Kgel should be asked of the family members during" S8 r. Z2 i7 h, t  }9 F
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. p  q# g' P7 p: c7 _% dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
1 h  N- K4 c" anosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 ^3 K0 R& T3 A2 U4 u% S
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) s; h& A4 n) P# q
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
7 ]& s7 |3 g& _6 A7 ~result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' N0 a1 C7 ?# T# a$ F9 ^investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 B) s  m7 y# ~aware of this fact, because most of these children2 Y( f% T& `2 f  g; J
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) @1 l+ t& M* ^, L$ v/ M3 x
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a! @% E1 c& ^1 @! [8 A9 F, ]% ~1 u
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  ^2 R# a6 J8 @# z9 R5 bfemale child who might come in contact with some-
% e& {. D" y( b) Tone using any of these products.
1 k. ?5 }4 E) f( q/ YReferences& j- k5 D& Z, @+ _( j
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 V5 W( G: g( R, n2 oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric. }' i. e8 I  x7 x9 y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 F+ r8 ~" u3 U- x7 R  H
2002: 565-628.
& X$ _6 I; p. w7 d8 {  S2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious5 i) ^6 V( M+ x/ f- G2 V
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
/ Y$ _8 i% F. v9 H4 f  eBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
- D7 M& v6 e% R& T$ \: qExposure to Testosterone
$ U8 {+ ~0 V- R. z0 LSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
# g% [  |# o3 `! y/ Land Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
; S! o( M. Q4 jClinical Pediatrics
  U% N5 I/ X) F0 W7 c9 sVolume 46 Number 66 V9 ?3 I6 l1 I" s
July 2007 540-543
2 m! h% L- x$ V; f/ L; D© 2007 Sage Publications( K2 `' \4 t2 Y# }
10.1177/00099228062966513 e7 A# @/ y  v* H- p* e0 U$ G
http://clp.sagepub.com0 T, S. n) @- \% Z2 H
hosted at
5 {; o6 Z5 e- F1 f, F3 [' X" a$ _http://online.sagepub.com" B! j. J0 Y. n) }
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
7 h( y) i6 n  R7 bis a significant concern for physicians. Central1 T+ ]! W4 @7 q4 [. C  X# y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
  \! B7 N5 G7 j# g% U& Z& xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ G. v. s3 B  S8 L+ `a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
/ s4 X: y0 _' b0 Y/ [0 x+ qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ u* v+ F5 ?" J! P1 c1 X2 e0 K  H' Q
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 [* V3 q, M/ J5 F, ?; \. T- o
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-. H: S8 e  D) S: {9 S: Z4 p( n
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
" \7 I2 P6 g) d# o# yreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' ^' ^- n/ P+ U4 N% t0 D; xenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. U$ c3 C$ y# E& S7 E/ h; Z5 H
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due" F+ `$ N  D& ?% y; @6 h
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
  D. ^8 ]( }8 @) r1 h( X# X; b# Cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 G' ^' t- a: }  l, U. Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 Q$ ]$ W- P3 u& V" fchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# i) I  [6 q2 m! q+ Stestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' Y2 D! ?1 O' q, w
bly more common than the rare case report in the
/ w, S/ B; B7 B4 I$ ]literature.4/ N, a3 `5 g* r; A: G
Patient Report
) ?+ d1 P2 v7 a: M& u; y9 iA 16-month-old white child was referred to the& t5 }: a* U) O+ u# g) t3 s
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 A$ S) q. }( P4 e9 S' v1 }of early sexual development. His mother noticed9 P/ W' p- i1 I$ p
light colored pubic hair development when he was
7 T% c, t5 m$ zFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 J  j! m$ Q% f8 |4 U/ i( U
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: j1 v4 N+ ?  O( V6 I0 j
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" M, n5 h! s0 MProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( |: v7 R0 }2 i" \; eMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ J7 Z1 u! }, @* m* \( ?
e-mail: [email protected]./ y8 ]) d$ C$ F/ C% S0 h
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became9 {0 {( E# D: B
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# m$ R- @: j) \6 X; x8 O
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) k3 ~  R, v- }6 X* X/ L0 O) E
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with- k+ l5 x8 l* T. Y) F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ ~2 E2 {) D7 B; J  x, M6 F20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% c: p# [/ W, m2 |+ ]. }" E
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
1 M- `+ q% n5 ]  Vsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. |9 E' |, C9 B0 ?- ]8 ~
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* \- b) o6 i6 x/ h6 P/ z7 [was age appropriate.9 z5 }& m7 d$ e6 @5 b; ]" T! Q) x
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- R1 U5 t% F/ qwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: Q& s" D- G7 d3 C" h0 [which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- Y2 x3 x0 a% k: n4 F: G
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  U$ r9 A' D+ W7 |7 |
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- \' N/ v& K4 H% _3 OThe father denied taking any other medication. The
. b6 ^* V5 s, a5 u, w" O: q; \& Tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ S# r6 K4 R! D5 awas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 S) ^1 L5 n  D6 y; ~) N" ]# s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 L; I! P/ J; S, f6 u* _! _cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 J) y% e  L& |tives. There were no siblings.
# b4 l$ y: z/ i* J& MPhysical Examination
# K* Z- x0 o' n9 QThe physical examination revealed a very active,) p  y( p5 e" m
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) h" }( H; K1 H" V' Q4 I. F4 Aa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
  X1 |3 x7 A9 M2 J5 B  e, i3 |3 L90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 x+ `+ P/ C6 |! F/ j5 o5 t(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, q7 X+ I7 F0 \" w, Gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( {% W. N' b- i% F
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 F& c4 L2 K8 z4 z0 e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) D" @" n9 F7 K( B2 u5 f5 z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 G# M! E) n" h2 Q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
2 ?5 W& {, d) p* a0 {! M; ^+ ^9 zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- J: _; k* D5 P* S' K- R0 p
540* {& E6 w# H! G! Q* J' S$ ^
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 _$ u3 f8 Z5 c1 ^: u- hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ t8 u# _. i% ]& w1 G
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 y4 ~; r. w$ u+ n3 U( y5 z9 F& JThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
( U- N" f2 n- d6 b7 ~oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& C# f% b+ J8 c8 i5 cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 h/ e; G; ]. D) U8 F3 d# A5 nNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' U! N; g4 h. J; m, o6 Pbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- ?: B3 H; l( F
of papilledema.
* _4 t3 `3 n" _6 \* S, v( {Laboratory Evaluation9 U; i# _4 \& p8 e9 q- L2 H
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
5 Q* C; I! p3 d3 E$ Q4 T/ c6 Iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: F% C8 t, l' N& l
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# u7 p# x  S' l! J& y* C/ @* L& rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
" ?1 {* X( v7 A& f/ E7 u& Pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 z# R2 \) L& P  Vlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# v4 _# x. R3 [* j' ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 i) m5 W4 y0 M5 turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were0 J7 ]- R& I. x
within normal range for his age. The concentration  Q% O; x; @$ O* f$ B% n7 r$ f
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: d5 J! V. u) K9 _7 o(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- z2 @* e/ V- D  H$ T
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 Z1 f  z. n" }( L2 v  V2 Y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
2 r1 h) t0 s; O, W0 `2 i4 g$ {desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# q# \( i! S2 e; _- R/ O49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; E. R2 c3 ^( A1 d' K# jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 K7 _& C5 M: o, _* D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# A% ~  k1 o5 N6 Q' D6 c, J  B8 Ttestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ e% i+ x. M' @3 e7 a' i) ?  `- J- t
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  a. U9 K6 k- O  R4 D9 D/ H5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 U# G6 t( f* s' W: h% Z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' H+ A& _5 @/ n# i3 t
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
0 l2 a* Y2 q1 Y8 f1 T& f0 l$ S9 d(prepubertal).( ^* _+ `- Y3 d& k
The parents were notified about the laboratory% ?. t2 ^; Y2 `1 _2 q
results and were informed that all of the tests were4 l* }& q) @7 \4 @" D2 m. H
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( I2 Q7 [: E- I( F$ |$ P0 r' F% N
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
/ s/ h: X9 o$ f" O% n& `obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 r. ~: V. l! Z4 \) Rever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 |/ N$ }$ O. Y& i  p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
( T5 Y- h# g; J* s$ Z# C( Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- O; }3 ?4 A- g2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ x2 p( D' o: h% wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 Z, o, V% t, jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 c- }" B6 l$ l
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 [! o5 ^9 c% C9 \/ d3 J) n
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' E% l0 h/ A" j8 q' V/ i% S' X
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
4 I6 s# |  Q7 N3 X1 q5 Cing frequent erections.+ A3 o, a; f+ J5 B3 {6 c7 _' M  h+ a
Both parents were again questioned about use of
+ D/ j9 p  g! \: w' u; K, Lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ w0 ^: ~8 r% B
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, y) k! A$ T/ ~9 ^Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; R' R* @7 H; f9 Z0 Z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 l; r  @( E% {4 m) u1 q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: n& Y! x1 _3 z% B9 a2 h. c- m5 ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed/ ?5 W! N+ b+ \4 B! q9 s
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# w; X* ~  t3 N' w6 ^scribed by his family physician for decreased libido: j7 X( m1 B. J5 L% ]
secondary to depression.
- w/ k( u* A; U! U9 E: M! NThe child slept in the same bed with parents.7 I8 \" H  t) x8 j. c- C& E
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his% z$ H  `( \$ {! V* K, c
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
$ p' `( [5 L1 Q4 i; m+ q+ Jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.- S& U% z# [0 F( V8 E
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
( s1 ]: }, y; Gwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 a5 }4 F5 A8 q* j* l$ Swas high, he then read the product information
0 M$ g# V. R4 e2 c( n8 K- _! Y0 Spacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
) |0 ?, I' _' h  t1 L. json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
  P+ F# E4 u8 j5 g* i! a* W2 ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% F( y7 S2 ?' x5 pfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had9 V8 ~% b' Y+ u' g6 B: _. R0 t, {
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. a* S6 a. X2 ], l( [0 x% b
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* f5 z" m2 U/ y7 d+ J9 ilaboratory to obtain the test.
* n. v9 ]# @" W+ u# _0 v. K/ NDiscussion
) ~3 t( x, c+ W. [' n% u% e; YPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, I: O3 O2 H, ]! T
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 Z4 y; ~' ]+ f
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 d2 A/ T% x2 n7 }
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ k$ U1 _: t1 B/ Gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 K3 o0 ^6 |( _% ^% I9 Q3 I
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 S& z/ S2 c1 C  \9 H. Emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
  s- ~* n2 I, e8 Nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: j4 H5 R, ^" U1 u1 h$ I5 q5 s
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-% i$ @, @9 T: \4 Q. M1 e
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! m1 ]) G6 I) D8 pboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
) P: l) o! T& D6 _4 Z" s) q8 c/ Mization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) \* ?2 m1 Y$ h, Q5 G7 Y6 T
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
2 U5 j' |" H3 O- T3 Ogonadotropins.1,31 W2 p0 J4 x: k1 ]) R
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( A9 C0 l8 v; a6 o+ [* Kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate  `$ K3 T& Z$ ]7 B5 t! s
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 z" V: j( m$ T% ~exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-/ @! P; _" U. P' j% n+ o$ E' a
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( a* V# K" g+ r* |- F! econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  Q$ G- `+ q8 T2 [
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: P) f! h6 M- K3 E4 k
puberty in boys.3,4
2 S8 e* H9 p8 K; H* ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal. j& i5 F: c9 t  F# V6 {
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
* L. [6 B$ a- v* VThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 {4 a$ o5 A9 t2 }6 `
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 {( q0 C: y! ?) ^8 v  F6 yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen4 S- z$ `$ y& y; k5 m6 O9 G( q
excess.1,3
: K( O$ m1 q3 V. lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( {+ x5 s9 s+ E8 p3 j542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007) T+ d/ s6 q8 B: k0 o
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
6 f6 R) Q$ {( U* X" D& Vindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
. I" c7 ?. t! L" {: |3 b5 qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a: U3 M+ A5 Y9 q5 a
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
" d5 S  R* A* h+ i0 g. Ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
& R7 I! }; u  |including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 @4 O% D; A  l, j! J4 Wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! A) w+ H4 m* s* m' `* w
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ L( d* J) f8 `* W( J) cpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. e4 M3 Q& M5 L% S; Q! Wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 L! ?; }8 q9 x& H1 A
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" h% y! A# g3 ]; }# Omales; therefore, other male members of the family' e4 U5 y+ c3 z8 D! R
may have similar precocious puberty.3
( l7 E' t) @( r+ r0 m& xIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 U( t4 b$ K( T5 X8 R" V6 ]& k( Ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
1 q8 o# W# M* p  l3 c4 M/ `+ b/ wcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 D+ X: e7 H- c7 g6 D6 g) r
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
" v+ ?. J4 ]0 u! u+ o. q8 Nstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' C1 h8 s( z! {5 o2 ttesticular enlargement is not that evident in the* _) {; ~* q7 u( W9 d
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-' a" j9 Y% u5 j9 }; m
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( b* j& |' N# Y/ Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) `7 F* l  i! w0 C( M/ }' @4 H) I
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) b7 }! W4 y& J2 {
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; \" {0 u) a4 \$ U$ `ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* h$ J' {4 ^% G9 K  Y2 I! ~The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) V3 g) N2 j/ W$ n9 f/ [8 Psuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 R* R* ^' v- C) I* `6 ~( P0 _, xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-" @& Z( `% z* g3 {/ Q6 U
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
  s- M- L  B# ?6 E, L2 m3 p1 K, s: r5 Vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* z, h" Y6 e( d$ k6 f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% U- f6 Z3 o' N. Z- p+ O, a- \9 iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! F% e2 V" z% h! f! C: `- l+ z0 }Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or- Y8 i' _: I1 N  f- N
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 D( P2 \  P+ K0 O9 c; E7 H
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* N6 R' \6 e' x$ w  _$ v2 z- o* VSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 @  y( y9 }* G6 p0 J- u* n
baseline value in those females who were exposed to4 J9 }2 L$ J& v5 j
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
* j1 |% V, d' o8 F5 tpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, ?6 L: m: v/ P1 y1 l0 |* f* @. Etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! J) s0 m1 ]0 _# X( G3 W
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ m# x6 k$ {4 M9 [) kwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that  t8 D2 H* `, @& @  h" @, ^
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: W: o/ ~+ f* h! U1 U# x' pterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 A7 }! g! o9 l- I' P2 Ractive in young children exposed to testosterone& g1 G: X. t) [5 y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* e) ]; D; W$ a- W
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 `* g2 f# q* u- `0 m2 F
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ Y! Z9 h6 V2 @# j
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, v% o; C, A* A* `advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
% E- S3 ~/ U& L' a' xThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during7 ~0 O/ X( }0 t( f# n  y# `% i: @
early childhood on pubertal development and final
, B# y9 E/ N3 F( Tadult height are not fully known and always remain
8 c% p% P2 r/ W" j, ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  y8 M* D/ F6 @& N$ @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  b3 T$ O& N3 a& N- d; S# G
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 \7 P& P/ q/ j; Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation) b* D- d2 h1 l3 l
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( z  G, Z' D* n' x: [) l- LThere are conflicting reports and controversy
3 Q6 f- D$ E4 T, E& f( vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
. Y# S( o! ^% ]( Mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# p* u  I1 m' J: R, s" Vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
0 K! u* h7 U$ o/ h0 ]ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 e- g4 K& i, b# U+ P5 A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ n/ l8 ?2 K4 Y8 Y( |childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 N9 T8 g+ _1 f1 W1 N6 _
penile length in clinical studies.
& M* R. |7 p' f: [7 lNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 _/ h; s9 z3 wgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
- {2 r8 r6 B. i% z( Ztestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because6 F' E* J8 i8 }7 ?; G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: w  B+ D. t& rAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of1 C: j( s) P/ A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 f# g) d: l. c/ {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
$ L7 D9 h- P/ ~& U' W9 E$ [8 ^height will not be affected.
( ]# ?0 f- ?4 B! ]; d, G- iAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 I; j5 J0 H: n0 O7 i' r! pability of androgen products in our society may: k2 K" o2 x2 ?6 @
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
% J+ R# J7 @* G0 \) T- W) Z# N! `children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-; f; L" Z1 A& W4 l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-) X3 C& ?5 ]- k
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' p/ @, S3 P" Ogel should be asked of the family members during. b; z) M6 y: F) m/ D0 k
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# ?) \. i/ o( Wilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-  P  R+ J5 c3 z5 a. q1 x: u
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 m1 [6 ]3 n: B/ t  [6 B- g& T
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a- R1 o+ J7 d* n4 o! T% h+ h- W* X3 R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) s9 r* z! L& G" R! A% f
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! V7 E( L/ `; ^3 V# N
investigation. The primary care physician should be
% ]0 j1 d6 V# I% T0 y6 _- yaware of this fact, because most of these children: ]/ `# }( |& {; g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
' d: w  e3 X) c+ J( ^Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
3 e1 g- t; j! C6 Nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! [* e3 p  H3 C7 qfemale child who might come in contact with some-
; I- ]3 ?3 V% L2 c9 T& o% d9 wone using any of these products.
; S- q  q+ J0 F4 i$ HReferences1 K% D6 m" |" u1 q4 K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ F3 y1 g) }; m
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 \% q/ h4 \# O+ m! NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! s8 c* M" [9 N8 m) r3 M6 A
2002: 565-628.7 B6 O: u' M+ P0 ^  D
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- C3 z/ d5 j9 u& f' _* mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

2 {; H+ |' w5 b3 U  B精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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