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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 o. b$ E$ O: F  U5 A$ d% I
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ g! D' E+ Y  t9 a4 ^Exposure to Testosterone
3 z1 V9 Z5 m' b% iSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- V6 _0 |" e" v+ S3 S1 J
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 E2 M" Z7 w0 k( G7 F% p4 ~+ bClinical Pediatrics1 y# n- p/ `4 Q; P4 G& Y$ q5 Q6 j) Q
Volume 46 Number 6- l! H5 [3 F/ f' }, ^* t
July 2007 540-5438 c1 z0 B$ ^, X  o0 f
© 2007 Sage Publications
( e; b  K7 }0 n% y# X10.1177/0009922806296651! e) j% T" Y7 M) `3 Y& n# _: e
http://clp.sagepub.com
) X$ @4 N& T3 @hosted at7 Z7 M3 [5 t1 z) [6 d& C
http://online.sagepub.com
3 ?7 z5 E* J  J2 k* U. L& \& K+ UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& f6 s( P9 R: _, P
is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 W& T/ {. t( ?2 T9 E# Y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! E; B$ o( r) M$ A9 B9 h( l8 {through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 e! ^+ Z* C$ A( Z8 Va higher incidence of organic central nervous system( O# i/ s" B2 @
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, b, j8 [3 }6 T5 z5 @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) Q4 V' k$ _% V! I* ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 W3 i2 U' n0 ~: J+ g
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 _" Q! Q& l$ b& V& M5 i; greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  b6 u- v6 ~) ^& Kenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" h  i! ?, C5 H/ F( \5 Lment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 U  }1 m( N) T9 o' I  hto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, Z+ ?& [5 o% ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
( e5 k3 _; t* V; r. l! f: W7 }3 ~8 z7 G! cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
9 i9 w1 h. F, g" I" rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, e# k, W. F- m# Utestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  I& E0 X) s  U2 `# g* Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the. H1 W3 `* C& o# E! V- {/ h
literature.4  G$ y% M; J4 {
Patient Report
) e6 m; u% M4 V$ G1 DA 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 m4 J9 x( \# c- m- E7 m- u
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 V5 e; k2 e. Y& ]of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ F" y4 c- H, |light colored pubic hair development when he was
3 |4 V9 |' o% c. g5 Y. A+ t6 [From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 h  y% ?" O5 `8 v! g( o/ f. @9 ?% d$ {
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama., ?! P( E  A( ^8 |: x8 p
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 f/ i9 E% ~& o
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( Q# g/ L" b1 o, ZMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 F1 X5 T3 Z) B1 N) }e-mail: [email protected].
6 }( J) a7 d( D! h1 Uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) i. d, Q6 F/ h0 i9 N
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, f5 |  c* o4 Fment of his penis and frequent erections. The child/ K- B$ i+ a5 Z9 A3 f& ^
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: ~+ M) I  t/ }' L: ~0 t0 P
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ n0 [( _* R- ~. D* Y2 v6 [20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
8 J& w. |+ d% f- }of life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 V- B, e% o! A* B6 B1 F
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, r5 j7 p! g; o+ P3 d6 J' `
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development& [0 V2 u! b! c* \
was age appropriate.
) S. b9 E5 H1 ?6 r% s# i, G* yThe family history was remarkable for the father,+ b8 l1 X6 m0 |" }0 U( k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 k) k4 Q5 Q3 Uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% m5 P4 i+ x. y  g$ y/ S
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 t8 Y5 D. w. M% ^
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) h  p, w. c$ W8 s% ]6 d
The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 c! A, `5 f5 Tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 x  m& L+ S: `3 }5 ~7 m! Rwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ x* g, H) }# f5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& F1 z: `% ]& K8 N+ U
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-  B1 |: e# m& s0 _1 {7 n
tives. There were no siblings.
4 @6 X5 I2 ?! Q4 E- PPhysical Examination
5 \0 G4 L9 f7 P( |* j7 NThe physical examination revealed a very active,
' r6 ~. t/ _: {* j5 {) ]7 d1 {$ F2 Rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 _: w% i1 ~7 ?! _2 u
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 B; f7 o& f5 Y9 V3 ]% I
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, [( g+ D# o% G; I0 J(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 J3 I( z. `+ ]: Z+ c1 h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
  p9 T( X' ?) x2 z, `- X8 z, v  ?the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ _5 ?/ v7 H6 o3 i9 F( I6 h8 z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# ]5 E" ]5 u1 m9 G9 Eenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: t! o4 ~! ?% d- J! _* B; ?4 j+ L" R4 c/ i8 Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well) c% r  v9 W0 x+ q0 D
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 p7 E# R% g4 p' ?
540* t+ @  z; E5 v0 @* l" V* f3 Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( j  C" g: J) W# s. U3 Tthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: D( G2 @( l7 K0 Otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
. |/ z3 X# U" Z( q- ]The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, I0 u+ O. V9 `7 D+ yoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
# [4 _& V  h! T5 Z8 fabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 m4 W% e/ l+ L" ~Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. t& z; ~) |6 Y) D8 V9 ]6 A
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! S( q7 ^0 C1 M: A
of papilledema.- U: X+ u8 }- B) x( t2 b
Laboratory Evaluation
+ i2 @& _( k0 w4 E- [. a) w% j" R) HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by* z6 \& O* P& n
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 |+ ]0 ]$ s0 ?, F& A- i
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal* m" }3 K  T: U3 _
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, w, ?0 I6 w5 S; t+ x8 yshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ ~; e7 |9 G2 \" t9 m& N5 |) n0 P
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ Q3 A* t; z- Z- S# F6 T  v
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  E  T2 J7 \& a4 c' l  ]urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# |, C8 {" s5 ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration
! ~5 x: n3 g5 w& B8 V& k' Vof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
' b9 i8 I$ t6 A9 S: \$ n(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 M1 A8 g5 l. T* r# x* I
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 c7 D/ \- A" ^/ F" G& a& Nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 e6 P- ^/ w/ H: r: G8 d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
; ^5 V) P2 r! Z4 w& v% b# c49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): u, x1 g+ l; K2 ?3 t$ j8 W1 t
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# B" [, p0 T: l
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total: J4 X$ R# l) U; r+ Q# |4 T
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),8 ^. b  A0 u& ^0 j5 }4 a# ?* h
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
/ r5 q7 H3 G3 j8 i: C5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' V& q9 A* V& y, f, ]$ jstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 O6 u+ `0 {3 n- F( N+ d2 Z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
1 S# g. ^+ e* v5 N9 F(prepubertal).
$ b6 L: D3 `/ q9 V) Q: J8 M+ G/ ^The parents were notified about the laboratory/ a) N! x, B; W% f+ K6 Z
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 N* `/ A7 R" U* {7 s7 j* j! P4 U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 H4 E$ \/ ?7 R/ Yfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- u% q% ^+ Z+ |4 R% H& u- h
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! R* Y0 U6 t1 i7 W: i; ?ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, |4 X* P2 e) O, vPhysical examination at this time revealed that the1 P# {- R" c- b$ Q* R( C" C/ f' F$ q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
, X; _) S4 I8 X/ m0 q9 R2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
; B* n1 A, P2 E4 W! b+ ]unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( O. F6 x; l: v" S6 _, ^# v  Qpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
  ~/ C: k7 C- Kthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) U2 \- U; z6 f: _) u6 q6 p
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged." r/ x4 P$ S2 W1 W' h# s" b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ C3 D+ Y7 a. _! j) j/ Q# @: a8 j
ing frequent erections.1 @, M; J( o' q7 d% _$ U; D% [
Both parents were again questioned about use of. Y* m; f9 ^: t. U# {1 l! j. H1 q
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 g, f: V3 q; }* h5 `) |* ~
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 S( E, o" B# ?, E, E0 G, F
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 |% W6 y9 M$ \5 ?) F8 I" ]use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 b. [. \/ s2 Y/ l: Ling over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for& Q4 \3 k) d; k& y3 {/ E5 E1 `) g' m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed+ }) v* U* T0 T
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 H4 L) {( p) ]5 j' ^& u& G/ n
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ E# L6 u4 A( T
secondary to depression.* W4 |' U* Z) q1 |6 `
The child slept in the same bed with parents.; l6 ~8 |+ c! ~' d6 b% }! ?9 @4 J
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his$ \- O; R6 m; ^
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
- I, F+ q- Q/ U0 z, D0 e! _6 ^nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
) ?) _) q) I8 ]. W6 p+ X  Y% v0 CThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" ?8 ]- |2 v. E5 T$ m& g7 Uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby' B6 C2 ]- g0 d2 W
was high, he then read the product information
5 ^4 s* p% s1 m, C5 }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 p# t+ v4 Q, ^" u9 j3 o$ l, D" ~son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 m# D7 Y1 [) {$ b# \; y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* o! X+ a: {; X# P' Q7 Y( g- Lfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 N* u: d# x# l4 K: B
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 r, N+ ~; @( [; C' Rtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the4 K. [% Y+ e* V- x
laboratory to obtain the test.' [5 {% n! W! r: [% |' K1 R
Discussion* ^3 B0 ]  O7 d' ]
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 [, |, M( o8 w5 r9 M* zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 ?2 L8 B9 S! u6 PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ i5 ^6 O2 S5 ~8 o* mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# h) b; R# D5 Q* L
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 `2 ~# I8 B. O4 p& N
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  n2 E+ D$ }- b; F# Y! a3 k
may have a central nervous system lesion that is; O. U# H- Z9 e. G6 E
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 D( g  `$ M4 x- e; \3 famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
" |* O- e3 q' O' t* y, gsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in& e/ T  f4 T; s2 a+ d3 X9 U
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 k: e8 I5 T. D+ v* e4 ^; s% V$ xization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-* z* h+ G/ B9 R# y
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* j9 c7 s# J0 v" ngonadotropins.1,39 z: o" d- [# P# w* o4 c
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ l4 W3 c8 G$ d* O0 t9 h
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 }: I  e/ R0 I- `( ~
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or$ w! G6 f) @0 a/ L) A" h
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. L# w% r4 @. p- U4 Culation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# I; y7 i4 k% z$ [
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* I4 T0 Q2 ?: a: i; F  x
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious  }1 S8 [+ Q3 r3 L5 D4 X( J
puberty in boys.3,4
0 z! D0 r: ?$ e: M9 LThe most common form of congenital adrenal2 b; Z  F' d: h* n) @( V
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( v: b* ^  a$ ^8 d+ Z) L
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 c9 c5 s4 T! G/ a" {
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 X! L" @1 i, O; O; K: g: i8 m" Tan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 z5 u- }, c0 U+ [% _" j3 p
excess.1,3
/ b0 W! b% Q! I8 I2 @$ nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 i$ e. M) V/ O  z
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- d0 Q; m1 P/ }$ W7 E
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
7 V% C5 l6 f1 k* Z9 kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
' G6 `% a8 d1 E( z* mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a& o. `0 u3 G9 p; V" D2 |
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 V. S; z: r2 I& J0 B8 Rwith this disorder are full pubertal development,0 l3 t9 L5 P# P% k1 U! {
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 r7 O" e! F6 r5 m/ R4 swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
1 N) }" ?4 M9 L% k/ [8 G3 Hare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& N; S/ I/ R% _3 ?0 \6 t2 }$ Opubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! \3 Q$ h5 Y3 w. |
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) G2 z1 r5 D0 O! \- `# a
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, ^* E% M* F- t% N( M" }7 H" V( u$ omales; therefore, other male members of the family
, E4 K5 v" K' l  F4 f0 dmay have similar precocious puberty.3# P5 x/ U- g5 t) E, _1 F& U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 N& S4 @9 x& R6 Usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
! ^5 _+ `: S% P4 K& L6 Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ P" I! Z1 ?, r% Q, Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father' Z$ ~" v% F0 [9 y. T$ Q
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  \, C7 Y0 E3 r( K+ [testicular enlargement is not that evident in the0 \( @. r. E2 a8 x# o# W- {+ c7 [
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! K, Q, W8 M8 n8 }8 X& t
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our( T( A3 q) R! z. v4 G) w2 X
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ ?, ?4 P) k: @% D/ g$ w+ qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ }' u) P; P# udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% I, `% c. z' E) L; k% sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 \* Z2 ~* R6 K
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- _& i4 g! p2 B
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because9 l3 ?$ f7 Z5 B
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-) L$ j; j& O/ u5 @6 z& i
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& v) F8 n7 M' C  N
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- `7 S0 \, j- ?& N: t3 f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; o7 f' c/ ?' Y: j. W+ f% ]5 o" d
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" Y4 h! M$ y+ {5 K' O
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 ^- C; n" l! ?& fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 l/ x9 w' S2 L/ s3 S& Yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 K  d  ~/ B  ]3 l3 }9 n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ X0 q( D1 N' f+ D7 hbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 W  b+ F. L8 I5 h* _! [even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
/ C6 `3 e) H3 w1 ]7 ^5 m, Vpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' K( c6 X8 a- S. L+ |tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. z) j, F; n+ A1 f& VOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; T& L7 g6 J, ~3 Y. ^$ O
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ F- K) O3 A* D& [5 b  d9 d6 Wdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 y- O* O9 m, b/ V
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 {, T4 u0 N8 F* Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone/ U; @3 V- W  o1 ~' A2 n1 G+ Z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ L' D! L* R3 H" _4 b2 o% ~
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, d$ h5 `$ T! h- }/ z/ bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( R8 w0 a, s3 g9 z! u% W: E% hchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
- y1 K4 k/ M# f, M: \5 L8 c2 h  uadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 q0 E' i+ i3 C' G+ X5 s0 J; Q( iThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during  @% M) S# T. }! ?( u/ ]: j5 b
early childhood on pubertal development and final: V; ^& a  @' Y+ w) H8 f+ n; }' J0 o
adult height are not fully known and always remain* z9 o: \) c3 I
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
* {. f# z! k- xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 }( B" A3 K* Cacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* J2 a0 t! x8 D/ A' n# tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation, S3 M- {2 ]+ z8 \6 j
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& E0 J* R6 `. Q; ?: P/ u4 @There are conflicting reports and controversy1 l+ M0 f+ e$ d- s4 G
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
- r, k( ~  l  C( c' ]penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 H9 e3 H- @2 l7 Y9 b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-6 a4 o6 K7 A2 j$ H6 n
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) }. d5 b( D  m3 Q4 ^. g1 DSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between; C! l$ |' R1 E% o
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ r: V1 g8 U, L- k" hpenile length in clinical studies.
  d# g* w' b) p2 L, i5 ?; zNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! E: g8 V7 _3 |1 `6 y4 |- bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from; q* A9 |2 f* t
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because& y; q& B& j! u& [% Z, L
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 N8 k5 L2 X3 |7 DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
* b0 o& D$ f, ]  W# hdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 y% M0 D! U1 Qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: d' e- n2 O* ^* e5 {1 \
height will not be affected.
$ L# J) T- B+ ~+ vAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% t" C$ W9 s: c& K- R: Dability of androgen products in our society may
3 N; ~' S* I- q# vindeed cause more virilization in male or female  ^4 B) {( O( }. X! o- z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 D* K3 G# A! h8 J4 Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
; T* W) W: N% {( qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
/ N2 i8 N& N& U; C7 E. S" xgel should be asked of the family members during; u, h) H$ f& I
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 T6 {2 \8 _8 S" E4 z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 e2 L7 A  E8 P) {% \nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% W$ G( @  Q, vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
. ~* l5 d" _, @) ]# Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may$ D6 J$ n0 K# h( |, j/ V6 m) e
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: a* C$ I) ^. I4 t' ], M/ `investigation. The primary care physician should be6 a0 O6 L- u9 v
aware of this fact, because most of these children5 @/ z, ~, @* |: r$ Z2 s' ]& z6 O; [
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’. l- p+ }% e8 _: c, |5 w
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a  m' b6 H: x; Z+ V' j1 K' s
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# r2 r% A9 @" ~0 u/ B/ Y6 kfemale child who might come in contact with some-/ n8 F9 o6 g  d/ A% X6 d' n
one using any of these products.! v. f8 A$ C7 c7 j! O/ h( S% |
References. Y2 U* t- Q* o' J0 {# d
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
# h. ]) H7 t& [! \1 eand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 x' s3 h6 B' }: H9 v2 b8 |Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 U8 |0 [4 q, t6 z
2002: 565-628.. m& n0 r. ]# k5 Y9 Q( W) o. X8 I; K: A
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 @% X. R9 t4 L$ F1 P
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old: d% A( O8 r7 p5 G
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 P, r6 }9 P3 x4 n+ n: O3 _9 {Exposure to Testosterone/ T8 K& Q. g2 a: Q: p
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 Y+ q5 e# Q: t/ |) z; |
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD15 ?$ I# \6 L7 i9 C& ~
Clinical Pediatrics0 I! B" y. ~1 h
Volume 46 Number 63 w" A7 ~, s5 h4 A
July 2007 540-543" s8 Y8 w2 b/ }5 X. k: w" ]0 z5 i
© 2007 Sage Publications
: H/ q* o/ m; r# @3 k8 B6 N10.1177/0009922806296651
" `( q% W' }% G4 q. F7 Qhttp://clp.sagepub.com
8 Q6 K  A5 F* d) e3 \! b8 ihosted at
$ T" `" D" {2 P" i! ihttp://online.sagepub.com. n) V2 a3 Z- ]4 p' V5 C0 ?" b
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, _4 L- P6 L3 r) z1 |! `" S) H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 {% _# a  C- x& f  D7 E# Uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated9 K& e1 x! d, [
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ l6 Z& z. Y( }
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system  s( K% a# L, ^  ?  D  N
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* ~" t6 U9 E2 z9 N+ K- Aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic- Z0 E1 v! A+ I
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 N  P, i; z; c* tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
* X( d  \) `& b! B# f% V2 D+ `report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' w& G* e0 {* R6 @9 F* ]enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  O0 o: c6 v1 h# K
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 ?9 G4 `  K0 p
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ S( N+ N7 M  m$ ?3 Rthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-( c4 b8 T* `: m
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this  _( Y, ~8 Z( [( ?
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" X0 `; J" r+ K7 o' rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
* M' _1 {. t! pbly more common than the rare case report in the
4 C( e6 G: C. t- @- \( `% Mliterature.4
. }( I$ t3 I1 z$ x) q! F. y) m6 Z/ Q' EPatient Report) h( G$ x" e) F/ z7 p
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ a# h( h/ L' C+ L% Rendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 f6 a; Q1 S) o% gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 ^6 E6 [; Z! |8 `0 C9 L! z, j% J3 ?1 Elight colored pubic hair development when he was
  r8 f  P9 D2 z# O9 ]$ K6 E# fFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 J2 ~9 p& w/ S( ~7 E1 \3 S
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ d/ x7 y0 ]0 T: J5 M' TAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 t5 g; ^  Y; I7 H5 YProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) @, D1 R* G% u$ B5 S* MMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
( N5 ?7 P: f% T& a5 l' u7 ^e-mail: [email protected].
1 e, l6 Y7 o; ]: [about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 t% q/ w( f/ k: C& Y5 Rdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 V& K0 t: ]% p6 D
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
. z1 v# s; R$ l9 F4 ]: nwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 V: H8 u' ^+ f- {9 b% p8 V
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ X- x3 e4 q4 i  h, G20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 u, s+ Q  J2 g# q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% M/ D7 S$ z+ B7 |! V  asolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 B) U; p9 T8 P) @7 |0 _. z4 Q% |and his psychosocial and psychomotor development. r. B9 d1 `. p7 r& M* v, d
was age appropriate.
- O7 e& f- K- MThe family history was remarkable for the father,
! R5 R8 J6 P4 F& B" R3 m, R8 }) bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 D% \7 I8 F  k( qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
& d* \: h* X1 X& ?/ Nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
3 z  c* a  Y- s- I( h; Q3 ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* [- V% f( y3 q2 t5 J! HThe father denied taking any other medication. The! d- l( L- Q5 d4 q$ u. y, x
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ d1 `. c: M/ g& |* V4 @was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
1 m2 v8 V) q- L8 I2 u5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
' O: ?' v! L6 |% mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 I) }7 b& h5 V' g
tives. There were no siblings.# Y# c- y/ L5 O9 H5 I% x0 m
Physical Examination
  T# M( g: Z$ W. I$ u; n5 [The physical examination revealed a very active,. j4 m8 c% v4 [; A' H" D5 G
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- Z3 g* E9 }& d  t* r
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 }5 {; ?4 O" o+ Z7 I" b9 E90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  h  \4 ?8 l- T/ ^- E# F0 m6 {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' @6 Q2 L. ]6 |+ v8 cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 S4 [, q( U! t. C$ s% `# q+ ?1 K
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: v" G4 \3 U& o  E) P: F
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ v. _( y. f1 y1 @
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" f$ A0 ]! Y  w( S/ z3 f  X% _8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 q) T3 ?$ v& q) [* z% kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
; o9 I' y" m: M540& r; U. a1 j6 X+ T7 U, C% ~! `1 q8 v
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) y0 k' s$ ]* D4 |, ]$ l
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 W: o7 b+ H# d& p- `testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
/ z: ?7 T% Z3 b  a# |The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 i8 ?7 p# e* i4 C/ e& W+ i( j
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
( G% I. ^, N+ {0 vabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
* }8 T9 g$ @( w1 w5 Q1 h& d# Q3 `Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! O& A' ?& {" P- K; h, t' hbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, |% Y! L# u7 rof papilledema.) B* N6 T1 K9 ]8 u2 `
Laboratory Evaluation5 I! G# ~% ?" ?% a, E1 }+ U) _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
7 `8 d4 D- t0 W& ?1 ]using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ D9 ~, p- V6 ]% p( \" }logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ N; @$ f! b: v% R
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* `9 K  \# X# @6 N
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
3 i! Z1 v6 d5 S- P. C% |) Blating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
! K! B# b7 ?* L- i  w/ [The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ S  v. s4 p6 ?) [! A
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 w: b+ E' _9 X( l9 x' dwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
* |/ Z- X. U2 sof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 r7 `" _. k% [8 E) @8 ^* `( E( O+ S% u(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ V. S! _( W$ xng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( m# R- z% f: Y- p* f
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& {# T" i. g" R# `% \
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, A6 @: y* g* O4 K2 B0 P49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)0 W& Y+ p. ]& Z& G. K5 @; t+ K7 _, Z$ z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-9 G; z* B4 Q7 L% K* o% h! _) |
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
! t5 f1 G: Q/ T* Q# \testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 w* z, b1 _. F7 i# K7 E+ pand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: E  a( b; P; L. y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 P; N; l& g( i
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; `. L3 ~7 n6 T# U! H0 ?
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL- W: }0 f2 x7 t7 T. e
(prepubertal).# j8 x: @2 n. d8 X9 Q
The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ {' v2 W: H" b' ?( C  K% P. [results and were informed that all of the tests were- y+ ?& X( f. k" p. Y: i+ C' A4 u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) ~; Q9 [8 K8 L& ?' k
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 y$ X* b# i  X. t! _7 sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-7 [4 F5 \3 O' u5 `4 u( [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months., u( q4 L; O  m: x( z2 Q
Physical examination at this time revealed that the5 Y  l1 i3 D1 H( l% Y
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 r- ]# {+ m' |; o2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 E' s' O9 h# j) G
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 Z4 f0 @% y- t0 s% Jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' m- J1 Y5 m5 s! p" @' K5 {+ Mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ F/ M, u) b4 f: b( M3 ^" }' U
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 r0 j! U8 b, T9 U1 `# x) _; x6 sThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 K* t5 j9 J% ?2 b
ing frequent erections.
9 l* \! m! w# ~' ?, L  tBoth parents were again questioned about use of9 h1 q' p2 z& x' ?  h
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to2 d, K& j3 y! `) [/ ?
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" Y4 [3 W: a$ u7 P% r/ S$ pTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; j- V  R, J" j8 d% Z8 m4 Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: W$ }! ]0 D& x, ?" O( ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
4 \! e% e) V- L+ q+ Xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) W; {; L7 l" X  Bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
: }# z8 T/ M5 f: _scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
( j4 H- I1 |& ^' {# g# a( }secondary to depression." c' P( m/ K% S$ @, @
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ Q& y) p: l0 s- z& Q) q+ EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his- E8 w, `. y8 C9 _2 x6 Y5 e/ o
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) K7 b& S2 Y: e( snificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ G$ n. ^  D& Y$ X# O; }  ~" Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
6 K& \5 `, `& ~& r8 ~7 h" Fwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby' [5 b2 Q9 |8 S5 |( [$ {0 s
was high, he then read the product information
: m% n3 u  S5 K! M8 r% ^packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 B5 P- I9 Q! p& Lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
6 S0 z: j6 h! v1 g3 {* hdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 o8 ^. _: b( B% D. t% m$ y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
& Q5 }) K+ {; C* F8 Obeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone+ u2 j( o/ R' P- X
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 d4 k- x/ t! [1 |laboratory to obtain the test.9 q5 H( p; o. u
Discussion
1 P' j8 O/ L4 S4 p' @+ lPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary3 Q0 k+ Y+ `9 V' _5 [' }* x
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; c9 x0 u5 x# l4 l- ~  A2 i9 Y, Z. V/ `Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
7 k: M2 K! D# X* C" R. J2 Git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-  u7 X* e5 k. N8 \" u
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 K6 m' h* F3 D  {$ umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: \5 V+ d7 D1 ?) c, e, n
may have a central nervous system lesion that is' D, k6 o+ _. H5 t" L9 i7 ]' @; ?
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; @3 [- g1 H: U3 V  K* `! Q
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 P9 C1 c7 r$ {sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% Z5 j/ ?- a7 r2 Uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 c: J! s2 L/ J+ r, V; {& [ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 O3 B* d$ s* g/ Nrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, I4 @4 q' I8 O) ]- ?1 X
gonadotropins.1,3/ t* i0 I; G4 x/ s- |+ n
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-8 _. v5 O3 L3 C) z# X, ~
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" t3 t/ u) h+ J9 Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 S3 j  Q, u! {' _exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
# a( r5 q' h% S% t9 A4 Dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 L4 L5 z+ S6 L) D* Q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 {. D" V, y0 U. O. G0 g2 e
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
/ ?' U# q# J0 {- q  K! _puberty in boys.3,4( `' C4 _; f7 o( S
The most common form of congenital adrenal9 m! M6 p9 Z6 \. [1 A, q3 ?# u
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 y, Q8 R5 i$ H7 n- {8 f3 E  w; h
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 ~' k) P: i; V! `
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,7 @- M8 g- U, {5 R8 T
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 R6 }- @) y, X3 X6 jexcess.1,3/ m" d1 g( N5 N8 A! w7 o( ^
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 r2 p, g8 C+ k1 n& D$ |7 C! B. v6 o
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20078 v' g8 ~2 n3 N7 E* j' E9 p
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
0 @9 S- ?2 l* _/ ]independent precocious puberty, which is also known' o" G) D  ?, H, b$ D% c, O( t8 I
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 b7 P: R( Z- pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
- {$ Z% v& ~0 ?+ {5 s! [with this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ e; L2 ?& M# c  Jincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ C2 c7 h2 }8 m% P& r
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 m" v2 i2 {) i! W/ d; t
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; \2 Y& k3 m) W0 d+ V- Z3 R1 d8 Y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-) t9 h# Y- r" H! S) l# M" a
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% i5 U+ l  Y  `  P! f0 Tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only* m, ^3 q; h8 ^
males; therefore, other male members of the family
8 a  `( i# n4 o" Q& Qmay have similar precocious puberty.39 r7 p& c1 H( v0 M# ~
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; A" ^' y0 Y1 t- K$ n0 G% gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& b  H- O* e7 O4 q2 g7 W; v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 ^# P, Q7 Y- y, D4 `0 Q4 P# Q9 }2 Rwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 V  \; Y0 i1 R! D4 rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 z! J. p! o2 g5 ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the0 [8 \' d1 ^, E
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! `7 c& U0 ^1 K$ G0 h
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
, v2 F; k( I( L: w( O# X$ c( Cbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,8 ~% z* P! P7 ?  ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 H# M. C- E1 L. [deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ d: q- T1 M, t" ?8 L
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 j2 m+ s6 q  E" d( Y6 N  J6 \The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' M1 r% w/ C) L# `. P
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; k" V, e, u- t; Tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 h8 v  b) }. R5 P" T9 _
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ g) U0 ~7 I2 a, O7 F- V) d
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ T. z0 W* G! p& Dterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# O" o8 l* T+ n- d0 ^* ?
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’2 F, `. f# U4 b& h0 d. O! h
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
. J" S' ?2 y. J: @7 rcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to  |1 e, ~5 k: L" h* H8 A
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 e, ^0 I( r/ B
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the/ o4 h( ?- ?$ x. q/ v
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 N: h' R! \8 ~3 X9 `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) D1 H9 [. C$ F% J0 i! upartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* H: y. f2 t) \" a; u2 W
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented., s5 {, Z; b1 n
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," i# L" ^" G9 g4 Y
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( I, V/ ^* u+ a0 H7 w8 {* E6 {1 ?
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
& J$ u& Q8 m( }  s8 p9 N5 S( Tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more& D" X; a% f6 z1 t, b# y
active in young children exposed to testosterone9 w/ p4 o$ d7 f1 q) B0 {' ?" E
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 l& {+ K1 J& N4 d  f2 k
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 O/ i" \7 A8 w- X2 @: {# i0 @
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 O  r5 c1 ?# y* T: Dchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and0 U1 M2 _, o8 L4 P2 [: ]$ ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient." J4 R1 `# X& s% _/ p* Q( R
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 }* }5 U4 V7 f+ L* O; Zearly childhood on pubertal development and final
$ G! d' [5 q1 Q4 y! F! }adult height are not fully known and always remain6 B6 k" O5 g& F. `2 f
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 D( i: E! I. q' v+ D- R
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ c6 k: F9 J8 B+ f# Jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* z5 l+ k: Z% [4 P4 b9 ^" P
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
) G) P  a( G, _0 r$ X* z* W7 [decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 i- t5 t5 @! b* t
There are conflicting reports and controversy
& f& a8 H9 G, g7 T1 m; |* r! m- ~over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; ]7 q8 g# s, D+ b) _4 U2 ?
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# w$ F- G4 C. }& \3 |. ?* l
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
1 K3 [2 P. ]7 u: q5 {0 julation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: g: V5 }% x& e1 K- k' V! l- R  ?( e
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 V  j: i2 H0 ~$ S$ S, {childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 v0 p+ U' k6 v* s/ C, d! ?; }penile length in clinical studies.: q& V0 {; Z' O% O/ y% Z. H! o
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is1 F$ C  T7 \% x  q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 }4 G$ T5 r: C' h* u9 S  V. etestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
" q! S2 j! @8 s  c  @. Nthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: }9 F" Y& v8 D& A) U( i
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
: _" L, b* t- d( {diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; i* ?: x' F) r3 ?. r5 S
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult3 w. S1 m& i( j& @1 r/ [
height will not be affected.: {" c9 g6 k+ L9 H1 ^. X
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% ^, J' y- C  C) \" J' f; U: Z  ?8 b
ability of androgen products in our society may( A& ~0 g+ d' V* N6 h6 n
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
& T! |" L  ]3 _" }children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-9 L( X& o, `4 R0 z: S
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
* D  j# L- L" x$ L8 @tioning about the use of a testosterone product or% m0 A0 Z5 x1 s0 R) j7 `: H* v5 }
gel should be asked of the family members during
; B3 L! e0 s2 v% sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-" r# I/ g+ n  g$ H$ x; H
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- j0 o) V$ @' ]7 u6 A& Xnosis can be established by just a few tests and by( L1 x+ v; i: L1 r8 X
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
" z4 x9 N% Z% u! ihistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 N4 T; H- ^, lresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
5 F0 g4 ]6 K5 |, C7 v8 d  Vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
7 D# u) ]0 F7 q" aaware of this fact, because most of these children
6 O0 {, u( L# N4 W+ W5 n/ Jmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 o' ?6 [" ?$ ]2 J
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' ]$ e( B, M0 Y; c4 _7 \" bwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or) F5 ^+ j' F1 f: |( B7 J/ T
female child who might come in contact with some-
/ N2 d! ^; T0 C, ~9 M& |7 Yone using any of these products.8 x: f( k) N8 |2 b0 E
References
+ m6 ]9 |' e6 Q0 C1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
# I3 o8 J+ H* n" {/ S, v4 uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 I) u" B. c# [8 {! n
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;# |7 V1 @/ V7 w' B7 Z) t
2002: 565-628.4 l; D# ?0 Y+ v8 B
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 u$ O; N. S4 g& x
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
累計簽到:11 天
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
累計簽到:3 天
連續簽到:1 天
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
8 k* r& c: G3 E$ p- [
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
 分享同時學會感恩,一句感謝的話語,就是最大的支持!  歡迎交流討論
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