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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old. @" _' n6 D( R1 H
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical, K4 d- q) L; H4 N& J! G0 D3 \
Exposure to Testosterone- J8 C: U/ C9 }3 R7 _* }8 O
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) n: h2 U" m' m" W" u2 c* ]0 r* Q
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
# n: D+ S0 c. D% zClinical Pediatrics7 W/ `4 g5 K# R7 G
Volume 46 Number 6
" D3 @3 ]! K; n/ m7 i! |$ i' x# ~7 jJuly 2007 540-543( U  d, f! ]' `# i: G  \' v, [
© 2007 Sage Publications+ R$ v! X. {! s9 {, f% {
10.1177/0009922806296651
- K8 Y! I5 {# m- B' ahttp://clp.sagepub.com: f. D- U% D/ B6 \1 ^
hosted at
* i6 {% i+ O. |) W. C$ @0 H  e6 uhttp://online.sagepub.com$ K: r, e. x# ]$ d6 E: m: _
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 d4 O# k, z+ d; H" V. K5 N# Q1 {
is a significant concern for physicians. Central& X# [( A: k" Z  n; V
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 }3 I% t4 M& F. z2 Tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has  }1 b# w4 D" v) h7 f
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: e+ r9 ]- C; wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
$ C( z/ z! g3 @" l# j& A% V# mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
! Q1 {+ ~" t8 G3 h2 mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 d9 v. }; {& n1 J4 ~
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 ]  e4 k! W7 ~) f8 k2 E& x3 Kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ j9 F' k( }. Z$ O: U7 w( p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
. f. h2 R/ e% ?$ b# n1 I  lment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 s* [  ~; Z) l3 {7 q6 @) b+ t8 C
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, W2 Q% s9 h) S* Y, x' B
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-: }; y# X# }1 L& b& q& K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this4 p' S! L: b5 W1 Y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 L- u$ f; n# _2 e; x+ i% i, ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ L% G+ A# X, X$ M
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 V: I) i  J8 i/ K6 {+ _/ rliterature.4' n3 d0 P+ j0 n9 V7 L( }
Patient Report
6 p! o6 W) F2 [% c) U0 SA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ h/ a% v' l7 H' z2 f2 E4 j9 J$ Mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* s' |( ?5 m) x; W3 `  [
of early sexual development. His mother noticed% U  ~4 i' A7 \5 C* f9 N. E  @
light colored pubic hair development when he was
2 r3 I5 V6 L2 c7 Q! c6 j6 p& Q8 s# dFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 O: E$ G; @3 }8 z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' u! \- l% K& q  D& aAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) A& j& [; I8 A4 Q, M& B: O
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) t6 H- z5 J! }: s0 g+ P
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; u% Y4 K) J! `' W/ k3 p  n3 C
e-mail: [email protected].. \1 w, x% g2 q5 @
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became, x2 B) ?- _) ?" q2 e. t- ^
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
2 x4 {9 d( X; G  [ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. A. p) N) `! i* ]6 C
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- P' M8 G3 t# \9 d$ ]% Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 v: i, Y  h& T4 o2 G; l1 s
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: x- X6 k6 X- C* h* q. e7 ^; P
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
3 ?+ _/ P: w5 h3 M3 d8 O/ n: Asolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! Y1 j3 A6 ]- w' H
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
  e" n/ ~6 V( F1 X: U% Kwas age appropriate.- D* v' M: `  G" R$ f
The family history was remarkable for the father,, M4 H& q7 ?$ Z! j
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, _  R$ Q  F7 D6 N
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s+ j2 a. G; y- b7 E$ ]
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( }  }- m3 v! x, N/ f
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 N5 F; z8 L% e$ m6 KThe father denied taking any other medication. The5 B# S' M4 T0 [) z6 N& X4 w
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  a6 @  C/ b7 f
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
" {& ]& M$ V$ K5 g1 a8 X5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-4 b" E$ H0 j" B2 ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 O2 R* B5 s+ s4 k" y. ttives. There were no siblings.
2 E$ _) T1 g7 R8 O- M, `Physical Examination. ?6 p! M0 n! t* Z5 y' ^( v, [
The physical examination revealed a very active,) C. N4 o/ X2 a7 a- X9 ~
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; _% q0 O3 O) Ca blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 f) W( ?" v' V3 z. y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg7 m/ L& _+ P% o2 r
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- o% Q% G, J7 {4 z: avelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' X0 F; J/ w$ }4 }  {! C0 B& qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 c* J* \5 a, yThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
3 V7 M) W: E5 S* senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 ?. u' D0 X0 l( |8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  n( P1 D" m" Z5 @4 M3 r2 F% s9 ndeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( X1 f; W- J0 f+ }& [540
+ e3 S2 P% R  uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 v/ S; I9 r- E; C, x/ Q) D
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 X! D6 [" F8 H6 C* ~/ l2 [2 X* I& U
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( {4 v  m* I. R6 }  N8 [The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 f; f4 f$ T( m
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# s5 C, `( l& G  k6 t
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' x' d' b$ _$ }! \' K0 K7 {& XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+* {* r/ L" m# N/ P, N  h: D" d
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 T6 t, s+ D$ g! C3 ^
of papilledema.6 T) o4 O6 Q7 g3 f; P* q1 u
Laboratory Evaluation! v. m, L7 ?4 ~$ f9 D
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by- }4 j1 A2 ?1 A: C0 g3 \1 L0 p
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ l7 p9 g+ a. t/ u$ B6 A* z; r
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal& h2 x4 \, n3 `5 n. T
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  |( P; D) [0 P1 ^( W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 m+ e! K9 b. h) R
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).) [6 ^2 H! x7 W* m" J: M: Z
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. b6 N3 f  W  s1 P5 X, d3 zurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% p! B* r$ l, j7 ?within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 F! g; _( B' O! d: mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 Z/ L- f) E& o" x+ r! S, J4 G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20" D. @! Q/ A! G5 f
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ u- s& b$ d. }4 ]& {$ M& H+ T
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 z* V' B4 {5 ^9 J1 Q1 A9 L  C: k
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) m/ _7 D9 N* Z$ Q1 r49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) A  L; S0 ?' B0 B6 L/ cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 R3 L; ?/ p2 Y7 N: h1 ~
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ {, d/ |5 m  U6 w! p8 Wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ G) m9 C) H. s0 B: z1 \
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 p6 e( U( X( W/ q! o4 h5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( d# k3 u2 q3 j' G( mstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone4 q6 y$ w9 k) C
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL1 R& S5 {) G$ }
(prepubertal).$ G  E7 x( d; z
The parents were notified about the laboratory# o. B+ q! }0 Z6 u! t$ j" d4 a$ U  m
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' C% w7 e! J$ s) o( q9 @$ S* J" V* Knormal except the testosterone level was high. The9 u* D) \3 C; ]! k
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; k. b! q( v5 E0 a! T( t4 h# Sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 U. R1 O5 C  p0 K! N' q5 n, F5 z, ^ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
9 n1 E1 P4 ^4 T1 t. M% o# V; MPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
( C8 C7 t/ n- G! D. Lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- I2 R' ^* A; t" r$ I* ~- a
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained$ ~1 n5 C! C8 o/ Y/ r0 ], I
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 F, p( E- N. m4 }* R' X; Y3 Q# e
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! [& _7 j: \4 l2 G
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" o  t$ `5 j: t! ?mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- T* ?7 v. p9 F1 g+ J( cThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 @3 j7 Y1 ~9 ^' m4 d
ing frequent erections.9 W6 q  j( }* w1 \; f4 }  ]& N
Both parents were again questioned about use of
5 L  a- |4 H0 |4 h. }" u' Many ointment/creams that they may have applied to* p  V4 D; t0 X; |8 X8 w* Y
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% _' q1 _) C4 E6 y  `2 jTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 M% I+ v( o9 v  U- t2 O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* c* ]# H$ l9 k+ K8 Oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( _# f* N# k7 s* ?/ c( T3 a' V& ?
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( w8 U% p) `' Gto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 L; k; D6 \. g! J" T/ x1 x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 c" `, S; p  n3 d& ]secondary to depression.1 ]2 M8 o6 T: x7 }: e: Q
The child slept in the same bed with parents.3 c& b/ H8 b1 r8 ~; Q$ ?
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& q4 Z/ X) w8 [  s+ ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: N8 b2 w- F7 F6 ^9 G# xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.0 [! k+ J) [7 `$ N2 r
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% r/ v# {/ R9 z; R
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 e! }" C; q$ D. y+ U. Dwas high, he then read the product information3 h1 c1 K: B# E
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ k0 l$ E3 W/ ?& ]7 v) b6 N7 json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 \# L9 n- r' Y1 Q9 T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 ?$ `. T1 X- H" a& \% Z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: v! f( w1 N9 T+ e/ }- x6 Qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 f+ l3 w! r, ?% ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the% v: n  ]* J/ Z2 m8 X/ ~. K
laboratory to obtain the test.
! H6 Q- Q" {$ T9 S' c7 ~3 A; d/ |: tDiscussion- A* N0 k4 W* q- I( C0 q2 \6 x
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 j+ D/ Q7 P1 f# O# y% p& n1 y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 z: g0 \$ [8 m
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- u3 e$ h4 {8 X3 O0 R0 uit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 n6 [6 E* ~$ V- \9 mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% c3 g; o2 Y8 t; g9 d, {7 T9 dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
4 q# X' H8 g, \, dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is- A8 r* f8 D6 _
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 J- X/ A% U$ X4 E. t% s2 G
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" [) I8 y0 v7 W. a8 j
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; |& M/ K$ [# [  F, q! O# E! s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-% H+ z; C1 {5 }9 ?7 ~
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-! ]1 k1 q& e  C$ Q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 V- F+ S0 j/ f3 V2 ~% c
gonadotropins.1,3
0 W/ U% v8 k% Y& p% aGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 O: A# H1 I8 c# j. c/ Z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* A  m: X) l  s! Oandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or9 j$ ^1 w3 a; H8 M1 C4 O+ [2 g
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 O# c$ t' R' J  l, R
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ }" a& s/ G4 [' B9 c& xcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% K# m7 V. R4 T0 s+ Q# t0 i- sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 {$ q8 Y; E2 L8 Y9 }6 U& J; c1 A
puberty in boys.3,4
8 s3 E- O1 G+ Z, |The most common form of congenital adrenal
0 V' Y  P9 X  e) Y# [' ~' ~8 H( F0 lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 @' ~# c1 o; a- ~2 U: tThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
- I# A: k) h% e$ w& q6 {( oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 g6 t0 B3 @' J1 B
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 p+ h0 @, v5 H
excess.1,3
9 R7 `$ L, Q+ ~; Y8 v2 wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- Q8 f5 ]5 h% e: P* c1 O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' E  e' Z2 y2 T& u4 I
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* a$ k, _9 `, J* E+ v5 W) ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known: U% Y% f5 {" r4 Q9 b0 }  Y
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a4 n6 M) Q7 A- v8 D
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
, M9 P4 [" j/ \! T6 L, E. awith this disorder are full pubertal development,+ }/ G. Q) m$ F
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, q. D: _' T, ]9 e0 Lwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 K  p4 ?' j' `) h2 {6 p% d3 e9 G- uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 b$ ^; [3 M: \# O  l# [
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 {+ e" C! v7 y7 M" v( zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
; F4 S$ |1 T" X, A% h  kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only- x& |1 D9 ~3 N+ A4 r! u
males; therefore, other male members of the family- U4 M+ m. M2 y3 f0 I! p" x
may have similar precocious puberty.3$ z8 J4 S: Y. s! v5 j9 {
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 `  Q, q! B* _( a2 gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! h: G, H# n4 ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 F7 Y# A3 ^0 l+ k2 n
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) _' K2 @* K; V' t' l# ?( kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
: i! a/ B7 ~& t% b% T) utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the& ^- Z) |, h! J! |+ W, `& ]
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 ^/ Z+ b) S* i* u: k* Y
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our' l+ O% A5 T4 p- E
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  W! t' D2 n3 x3 b1 s8 X
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase( w4 w1 i7 g* d/ r3 o
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ v4 \1 v; J+ q% i' b9 M, U
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* v' e; I* a) o- F
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! x4 o! ]& v* e2 ?" U3 b8 O7 xsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- r3 ~* G! D# y. D
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-- G* r( k- F. j
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" b4 I) _  l6 }- v( S9 {
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
# f. i& J8 D" e7 ?/ f% `, j2 \terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was  Y1 G+ g: k+ l% y9 ~% r- W
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
, r# O. i9 @) I: \2 q& }Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& x& W, K* h) S4 C) I8 g6 H+ o
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
  S5 B4 f/ Z0 C$ t0 x( F8 Kunprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 l  K0 w/ o1 r2 O! r% U  R4 `/ U2 {
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the8 w2 P  C  d% d+ ]" e. w9 ~
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
" ^2 Q$ X! a" ~: D/ O" Seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 y4 r. H# ~4 s. o9 Vpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 u* C8 ^2 w% Z, S7 {4 Z/ o8 ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
# B( k5 D. o2 v$ K2 O0 `, l" ~- eOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 v' u  u; t7 ]" N; Zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# q+ i: A8 y2 J1 cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
" _. g- _5 R0 I& \* D- Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 H+ p2 q5 C, w, J% a' hactive in young children exposed to testosterone- W' N3 G$ {; {& X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 R. r8 ?( ~4 S$ S( }- Sdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  y! S7 A6 T) c) \7 x
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in; u) p6 W$ u& y2 s/ ?$ d6 `
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ i9 o5 M) h5 r+ m+ oadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' s5 h" s+ x9 Q3 [
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during) S' O6 Z, F0 u; ~; \
early childhood on pubertal development and final* V/ Z1 h" K; U) o+ `( @/ r/ {- L
adult height are not fully known and always remain8 C4 z5 u' C0 i/ K8 L* C/ m1 {  I5 l
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% x6 K. H# h/ k1 F) D. w
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
! D/ x1 ]& x) _& }, L7 Oacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 d  m% [# G/ d1 A6 V" |- t
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation( j0 H; _8 N  a
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' ]3 U; Q, |. ?6 U7 J2 L9 X
There are conflicting reports and controversy( |$ J) A' a! R: |8 s
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 ]/ j. N' K0 ^; U
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# p3 b( F( H0 H% A& [, M- |9 qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ X; ~2 p: `- g( y( G* z+ e% G
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& E8 S6 B, Z2 YSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 }" q  y; n5 O4 e, Z% H4 a
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 V- P& }; x- O* ?* Rpenile length in clinical studies.
# J2 c2 {' F3 n; d; B+ o  H0 LNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% T( C  ]7 W( x! C
going to experience any of the untoward effects from1 ?6 [. X0 Q: A1 r  l
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! \. m/ h0 R& J+ R+ H% u2 @7 {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" I6 j4 p1 [; c- K, T- w" @) U; RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
  z5 [' v/ q  @8 {diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: C/ C& q/ P% T, t& `
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* }% ~# B# w. l( m
height will not be affected.  M2 c& t' @9 C: n1 _( n
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-  e. ^4 M9 s- d+ `
ability of androgen products in our society may
  s+ ]1 g$ f2 Z4 V1 _. pindeed cause more virilization in male or female0 d3 b( M1 I) x0 d* l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 w% y: j; {4 _; [% ?
gen products must be considered and specific ques-0 L7 T$ p. l/ b. Z; G  R. q3 m
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 r. q# r# j, q5 B( I" C3 tgel should be asked of the family members during
) e7 h4 s3 c5 qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. c0 w: t; Z0 ~# q6 Z" w. Uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 h' k8 e0 L4 g( ]3 g, a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  u5 s# ]% q6 F& x6 Y( ~appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 l- C/ f9 x2 Thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& _, h% o& \( O  T7 H; presult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 ^0 r. h: W; v0 b2 g
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ u: J$ X, G8 j( x  V" h
aware of this fact, because most of these children# `9 E0 p7 d% N3 q& [
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 H; e3 a4 [% s. h0 G& L  q* O" q- IDesk Reference and package insert should also put a  P  D( N" i! r, F0 W4 V
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or  a3 J3 f; F$ v, _
female child who might come in contact with some-* A/ C  B* [" \
one using any of these products.# ?" k" O1 Y9 |- [2 P  q1 _7 s
References
# c3 x( |7 B$ R/ [" t1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
, O& I/ |; l2 H; f( B; }% Oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' I2 _! |, x. A/ vEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; g2 I4 `0 n( S! I2002: 565-628.
$ b0 G! U0 P; e: L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; p' o5 z8 r8 P5 T0 e" R0 B8 {puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 Y6 v0 W* _( _8 K9 r0 |7 O
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical& T% G1 p5 L3 K
Exposure to Testosterone# H' D. V1 z2 C
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; q0 j6 T" O  P$ C8 ~, [  W
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1& H+ T5 h7 T1 Z
Clinical Pediatrics
2 V; s7 a0 L3 T& k3 LVolume 46 Number 6/ c, ^0 ^8 N  i3 ~$ g
July 2007 540-543( \4 d5 i, E9 i7 r" {
© 2007 Sage Publications
$ E5 L5 E' D! }10.1177/0009922806296651
$ |0 g: D9 u; O, f8 `. chttp://clp.sagepub.com1 e4 x! N' G2 {% H! \3 y
hosted at
# }* Q% T! `* G! v  ~" d# J! w9 }& ghttp://online.sagepub.com
& J, x6 J1 H0 B$ U7 S; oPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 N  I6 A! k6 c1 o# ~* sis a significant concern for physicians. Central) T+ w; m$ o" m9 {- `2 U) H7 R
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" u5 \& G  j4 Z; L" P2 U8 j
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 g! @) i  b6 ~7 [$ _- ?. S
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system# m5 |  G3 s# S# B9 C
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ D5 U) Z, n4 d: Cby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic+ H( P  ~0 k# n6 j1 Q- a
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- R  m/ N1 k, Z6 Z: m* n' m
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: {6 z8 Z# U- \, x$ s" E
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the4 P+ c+ A; o* K1 l& x
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  s- N+ `4 P0 y3 |! D
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; V# B- s1 v7 s
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by; ~8 h$ [9 y+ n
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' b  v; z9 U* i' Amation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 F7 J. K( j- z4 }0 a2 Ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
9 l6 w  `* k1 {! X$ g- Atestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
5 Z6 U2 L  o4 N6 Rbly more common than the rare case report in the/ J" g2 E& A6 z0 G
literature.4- G5 n7 N% m# e
Patient Report4 L$ E  L! d5 A6 W" S4 T# Z# w
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
% ^# \( x% {4 h. e  r7 uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 d8 J- F7 x: l7 M1 i5 _/ \
of early sexual development. His mother noticed6 L1 f+ v8 e$ V
light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 l' [2 N7 n7 _$ p( f' QFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. T7 @$ P! m) ?+ k3 R% {! ~
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! `# Z4 ~9 g" w9 j! I1 sAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ j4 T2 L: H% Q) ]% ^  [0 n
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of1 S. w8 E! F7 j' }# ]$ H8 K# l6 W
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;5 X! N# V9 Z* S. H) Q( H3 a
e-mail: [email protected].
/ |9 u" z9 |% G$ @8 D- Y9 tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* s  V0 n! s* f) Kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
; p; R8 Z; w6 y3 s% [) f7 cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( Q1 }; d, _) L& ^; h6 P9 kwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with8 ?+ Q+ h  z( w  ^
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" B6 G+ W0 l, S/ l( u1 A
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 Q: p/ V3 Q2 J6 F
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with* G4 O* ^4 Z# }% x$ A$ G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 u% E  l  k. a1 a. |  N4 |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 i% v3 e, ^7 Y5 y6 A8 B7 L1 |: wwas age appropriate.
% _6 k& ?) a- C( B0 H% e" O) XThe family history was remarkable for the father,& {; @) |. [. L. O7 Y
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,  K9 x0 _* J2 x! y! X! U$ e8 P/ s
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 d+ Y. e$ j' x( `height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& ^# V! P5 j! m7 E# M
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.4 M: \9 K& m* k7 r; l4 u; E
The father denied taking any other medication. The
' [2 l/ b! t: t% |: ?* Qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" t! |0 j  O" q
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 y' S' A2 e& v: g
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* i1 W/ v1 G; ?1 z: T& U" F
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" Y5 l8 U$ H+ ^4 `tives. There were no siblings.
% t- y0 ~. M  k( l  RPhysical Examination6 m7 }3 W% O- X0 w1 J( M8 `* ~( N
The physical examination revealed a very active,
! Z* D5 W0 s6 S& _7 uplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, k8 s- c2 p) w; y# e
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. v  l2 S; w4 W$ W, X5 e90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ f. [4 O' S0 g- T' R/ n(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. [2 A8 c7 M7 W
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 A, m! {" a) P0 s" [
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.- Q9 f! k. L: X# ~1 S: W: {% W5 n
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ @! H, Q1 y) Y1 p/ f9 U4 G
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. v! _+ w3 @6 W( H9 D3 A! y8 P
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 T' w8 m/ C+ u4 \7 h
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& c+ o) t% [4 ]; q  x
540
( p4 [* Z+ u& x4 Wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 g. C& B6 b# U, u: Q9 Rthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ \4 [, n3 O, D2 s* P& h
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ A" v2 t/ @* ]
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- w# V0 r$ n) p4 L0 j( joily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& P/ k/ e2 p( t4 `abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
2 L$ R9 \3 H( \" i  I9 S% v7 bNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+) ^/ U, F' A. j! I
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 R3 T' Z" v- R  H& I5 F1 z
of papilledema.
9 @  K* q# r3 |& i7 D$ C/ c+ |Laboratory Evaluation! ]( D: C1 Y. [5 v, l9 j" V, I
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by" h7 m: n# W7 T! t" w9 r" C
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# v, X1 b# ~* {  {logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
! S0 T4 b  W# J4 ukaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ ]& {5 _4 c1 ?( a( |
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 ?: _- N  c9 D9 olating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# M5 Y0 W  y8 s2 V0 l" VThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood# j; Q  c$ `# E; E. P: S
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) W  N! I4 f1 P" r
within normal range for his age. The concentration
5 w" C) x+ v3 I. nof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, P! Q/ ~. ~$ u1 ^. J! C+ X0 [(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
3 i/ G/ q" Y9 X* A5 o  h& Zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 g0 y" M& r* G1 t7 tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL)," g, j$ ^2 C2 W9 ^, W
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! o4 u& s; d( V8 B' f
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
1 b4 S! u% s/ v2 e- G( D; S5 hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) |5 b8 \) I& r! ?
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# d, o$ ]. [+ xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( \- E+ c# o* E/ y: `and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& Z+ e( F- O, H& x8 k% ?9 I
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular- a+ V' _# o& {' `4 T0 F- s
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* `; Z5 h- {+ d3 m8 Cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ k$ p  b1 s% G, @, z5 g7 r(prepubertal).
% L) p/ l& f. R# c5 ?& V# @The parents were notified about the laboratory, v# `' D9 T. D9 u+ e
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. g" a3 }% |8 s3 w; B$ b" a4 J* dnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ C8 y( J3 @3 k9 \4 ifollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( K: m1 F  u. s- K5 ~2 o: nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; i1 C! h6 Z# U$ I6 g
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
+ m% I0 r$ u' E  x& z6 pPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
$ d& I& |; o$ F! b9 _: M: mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained* m; F& @, t: I9 @: B( w7 Y  N. n
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained" P9 r3 T; C; m$ {' z- Q6 q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* K+ L  L# f/ e
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at2 n6 P4 N5 j- i4 u$ q# w, M
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 ~" n0 b  m  b7 F# D. a
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
( V3 N5 R, A9 t# s1 _4 MThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
2 {5 N" y, G5 _, p" ding frequent erections.
. l2 g8 y# X# x8 I7 oBoth parents were again questioned about use of
% \  R% z6 Z4 sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to! F& J3 E& Q' b0 U3 }" A$ n0 [8 X, X
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( }' X9 l' P/ J& w
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% _( T- e$ ~" A  J9 W$ Buse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ C) |6 T6 `$ ?: [& A  d6 ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, t( M5 t4 V) ^! H, F1 }7 f9 i
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) _% b" y0 Q4 [! W7 m' ~5 Nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( G# e' E4 b* m, ~scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 k- U+ b- H% U0 N* N$ T7 Isecondary to depression.+ F3 c( W( N+ Y- C, q
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
8 E) v7 w& L; l* Z1 H6 C& }* EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 o- F' {# W7 O$ I, rchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
5 c0 ?" R* r6 t7 C1 n, L; c" b' onificant bare skin contact between baby and father.7 _( g. L- M& W2 Q% Y% H$ G; q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,3 e0 B. P& Z8 m6 g
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
- O/ ~) A& G7 w- Rwas high, he then read the product information$ `! G/ ]5 M# ]# D0 T9 K
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-  Y  ?9 o+ A+ P" J3 o
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they/ |& r# b& T; m3 w+ Z( d, I/ F' o! t
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 ]2 i# F: I! i7 W/ W# c
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( |  \1 V3 a8 G  ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 I- D# b; a0 n& O1 z# l# xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! e1 [/ R  G+ Z7 rlaboratory to obtain the test.
' O  p6 Q; n8 T2 ^; kDiscussion
: n& ?- y. z7 p" B6 {1 dPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 b4 ]; G$ @+ n6 s$ j1 i
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* e6 p' P; E5 EPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ B0 S2 p: c) |  g% V! j
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
2 R% U3 s- `  d# ~thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-  Y4 K/ V: @+ O& h. C/ q
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" @4 I- x  Q7 \9 L! Ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is6 O) ^& i( Z- \/ r0 W
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 e8 [- ~7 `7 Bamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-% |, g$ S, K" n* s' ^* G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in  `: |, d$ O: r) a1 R
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-  ]) y! _1 i$ o1 \$ Y- M
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-' y8 q0 P# W6 @# M, F' F
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ J* f* v9 t7 b3 P) e( I
gonadotropins.1,31 \4 P. A. ]9 M8 g1 L* i- C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
% [/ n" D, L/ ^# U/ K, Mcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate  m+ n6 V% F' f) \8 O5 ?; X
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or9 f; i( K" }2 z5 Q* Z" k. @
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% t8 A, ?  P3 i6 h4 v
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 [2 D9 L; H8 Z/ k3 C. F  Ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  O3 A9 T; u. n/ k
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& J3 Z+ n; i, `) E
puberty in boys.3,4
7 S" A: e' ?3 L9 B" ^The most common form of congenital adrenal- K" c  H; }, t& I9 O
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
/ j# S0 ?( C& Z4 l& Z3 k- sThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 ~) |: V* w! w  x5 }excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely," P* G. G" b/ t' O1 f
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen% R' [( F+ g* Y3 e' P
excess.1,32 i. v) q/ f. m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 I  \, h% ^$ ]: a7 V( w0 b542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 r( ~* V( p7 W7 p& u+ e+ k
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& {7 D/ e/ f1 r4 F0 Bindependent precocious puberty, which is also known* H( R. o4 M- M. |5 X, f
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
4 O+ Y1 T; X7 r9 J+ u3 X2 Jvery young age. The physical findings in these boys  z4 v* [5 p3 f4 ~9 \
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
& \9 T( t+ v$ @3 r) @* Zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ Q, E- Y: B, N$ ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
' y5 N$ Q( z- P7 f& b0 k. Xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 v+ X0 R# v8 h/ gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
6 D9 t7 Y( V  z/ }0 s0 O2 Zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked  `3 }0 R$ b6 s8 U& _- s0 S" X
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only- G5 T2 R  Y8 g# N; l
males; therefore, other male members of the family- D+ e& U, Q: f
may have similar precocious puberty.3
$ k2 l4 `5 m$ S+ G8 `" dIn our patient, physical examination was incon-& R: A0 _) A7 n( [( g  [7 O: `- T! A
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
: q. e9 N7 q! Mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 K/ {( l0 u0 }8 n- X; M
was in the differential diagnosis because his father$ S/ |" [' B* C. U
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ Y% Z6 ~* E" o% V" r; b6 |4 z
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the/ c' @3 }! R: n* s5 r0 m' ?
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
, q  Q& M6 K; F! `! j9 U  iative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" V# d/ F6 @  }0 P. _biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 _% [. E9 o7 S* M- P( Neither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
' u& K+ W5 E& v0 E3 n6 Tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-; p0 u, d. f8 u* \1 O
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 s$ L7 a( ^+ B) {' j* n
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
7 @1 X- }" K# }0 Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
$ U" |6 U6 \. W" zthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 t- M( ?& p: `pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! k- l% O5 q. s; f3 k
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" `& q( A! m: o. D
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was( z: _1 k6 K* T; N: m$ r
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
* S8 y4 F# `8 u$ S1 YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or* s3 [! {6 |' [) h2 D
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 o* e9 A5 s! A6 A2 _unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 u2 p; U/ [, L3 c  t
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the' y+ J) R* [8 m6 X( ^3 Y6 r/ G
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 J, w& f) z8 [$ _) p% T( Ceven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% j- d. i4 |' v7 u6 L/ xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
* L8 u  T7 U0 _! V. Ption site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.9 J1 }" u. f2 Z7 z+ \( W
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 g% m$ G' P; d' Z' q6 w3 \# q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 N. [' v: q% r* kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
. k4 t/ K9 R& s. Q5 h" Mterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more1 f) g( C2 o6 z' ^) W
active in young children exposed to testosterone/ C  X- n( o" u% @( ]$ Q- j8 f
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
7 [: q* d2 x: r4 `+ B8 v1 Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 g' S) C3 _, F5 k' y% C& n  ovirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; F1 p0 Z( X1 ^# A" I% xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
- f. V8 m( s& k& Y# Fadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.( W/ j7 t) {2 o& y5 b4 {
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
3 C% e' j, G& O8 f) y) Hearly childhood on pubertal development and final
- e  R) x. H# |: {; {4 `adult height are not fully known and always remain
/ f% ~( E+ M0 B& Y- c9 e; |a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ j  g7 w7 T: B! H4 Nterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; M9 q, {% v' _* g. A2 lacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; p1 k/ a# N1 U3 {. E- [cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 J) j3 w8 _4 S+ L) ~% m7 q3 E
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( |3 K0 ~: ^9 l' HThere are conflicting reports and controversy
% p' W( _: z9 ^3 _; r6 i' Nover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult7 Q8 W1 @& J+ f' n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' H5 P: D  G2 k: N
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-1 w8 s  V# q# d1 M
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 Z  A+ Z3 w+ [" Q1 n) Z. b0 R
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
- _9 E8 S6 b, @9 M% x9 ^childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: I' }! W) u) G; `penile length in clinical studies.! D) |4 r, C6 e2 d( j7 w
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 k3 W& F' j) r! U5 L: {
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
: J- ]0 _1 \5 ptestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because# b% k0 U+ \, b1 E9 Y. B" U% k% g! Z
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 O# }7 _) u' s  c8 T* ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
) J8 F8 a7 ?+ ]6 L. `  mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: E9 e: }+ d3 h( u/ ^
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 \9 \3 x5 v3 G% p# W: Q: E" zheight will not be affected.% K: u4 f, |% D+ I, W6 \! v
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. y: R/ e8 b: H; m0 fability of androgen products in our society may
5 K4 |8 B% y9 uindeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 [2 I0 F  r$ ~- Ochildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, b# C9 j' {* A% n0 D" E- xgen products must be considered and specific ques-& p# J* U* N- k8 v8 L. }) C4 c' G- x
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or* l& T% a) P  `6 \
gel should be asked of the family members during
; B: t" k) r" m. @5 B6 ]" K- ?the evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ [" w( c# l+ x" Q( O2 C
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
, D4 g* a4 F, D+ v0 _, Onosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ M3 B4 [5 e( S! E0 C
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& y- `! A" W7 u0 m1 nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may* P* m, c5 Y/ }0 Q6 y( J) _
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
. A! y3 w" c& r$ P6 vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
) H, @$ T+ x5 [- {( _+ q8 [4 ]% aaware of this fact, because most of these children
$ W5 }; y& x" B3 D! D/ A5 Hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) h! m* G, w5 I- aDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 V) P; |' g5 P4 q3 W9 ~6 hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or# F3 t, `+ Z8 x% G! O! Z0 b
female child who might come in contact with some-" h) t# L% [6 Q) A
one using any of these products.
5 q( g, B4 B* D7 Z5 J5 M& B+ ^References
: Q2 a+ U4 B, D1 k0 R; p9 M1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 q2 R5 O8 A: ?4 {% |
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric+ {% Q+ A5 R8 q8 ]- `, O( a# j( s
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
# N# o: ^( y) m1 v) D2002: 565-628.
( Z# t- G. r6 K& h& u2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  L5 N" o4 d% Q3 _. Rpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
. F; p4 ?5 _: ~0 F0 }
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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