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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
P6 h& f+ i2 w$ yBoy Induced by Indirect Topical* P* h1 P, b3 l' t
Exposure to Testosterone5 R7 I6 F( x% X' a4 u
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
% z" S- J5 T7 V% R, \and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* X' H" X2 i) `* j. CClinical Pediatrics3 Z) k0 I( N9 E* `2 L* H
Volume 46 Number 6
- T S, ]/ K0 SJuly 2007 540-543
$ q, A _7 `% n5 i& R; }© 2007 Sage Publications
# ^6 \2 i% {+ \9 i+ p. B; u10.1177/0009922806296651
: A) E+ D% E9 `6 R4 i1 Uhttp://clp.sagepub.com
: Q4 T2 {# u Q' lhosted at: q, \% n! o' i& h' n
http://online.sagepub.com3 ]% n8 A5 n0 H5 v0 o8 O& |
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* J1 O$ F3 e) o+ l
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
- G+ d# y8 X- ^. E- X8 iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 N. F6 L( X9 ^; Z6 D' Y! l
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' N. c; r0 x2 G- N$ x# t# c* la higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: Z3 I8 M& `+ q- G* Vlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
7 n9 |+ k% L* y6 ^6 V+ Wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% t* v, e: a4 fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 P* E4 ^5 @; p$ `% ~cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& ^" a! b3 g2 I0 c+ N! U7 zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ d% |. m& U6 V Venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, p( \/ o. Y: [! P3 R* wment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% @1 @! e* @- y& H% Pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 d9 n& u& b# j4 ]) V) ?, Z/ ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-9 x( Z9 D, i5 ~; D& j( \
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% D/ [5 X6 R" ^' H3 m% d7 b
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& S$ U- f; w' b5 G* }/ W" Ltestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-# I* c1 O" a" V9 M
bly more common than the rare case report in the
- C2 p2 O2 A/ ?' Tliterature.4
" d7 e) z! d% a4 cPatient Report
# y+ ]1 {# J( x; p+ u, u+ ]A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! H8 }$ C# W1 {! p, _/ yendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 P6 ]* S/ i/ Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed5 I" w- t6 }7 d9 e* _
light colored pubic hair development when he was0 ~( R3 }$ |* a4 H
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of' ^' l8 z4 m, O& d1 z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 x1 z' L0 q0 N: h. S- @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! h8 p. u! R8 S `
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) J m' ~9 l$ r( {5 a
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 [7 w0 u6 G. Z. Ye-mail: [email protected].
' ~/ B8 X0 O, b5 K1 }5 habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) R$ V5 e* L# Q% Adarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
5 }4 @4 j0 \& w5 Ument of his penis and frequent erections. The child0 e. A# S: P: h$ O) C9 Z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with% s/ x1 W! O$ Z t$ h
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 I% y |9 s3 D# x" ], c
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 Y" x2 \5 \+ K- }; R$ Wof life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 o) D0 j; J6 g9 N
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
' |: H! i) i2 B3 S m$ I! o9 }and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, G8 j' A3 J% xwas age appropriate.
% G6 ]- r6 J' q# C# m g7 q( kThe family history was remarkable for the father,
3 M, V# k' I: i" E) Ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% _7 y9 z9 \ [& ?3 ]& y: o# z8 h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 G+ v2 _* s8 f* E
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat" X" g! n- e3 O n- G1 E$ D; K3 u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 P, [8 m3 X, L) H8 Q7 s! `/ O: o
The father denied taking any other medication. The; f1 N3 O. B7 d) s* `1 z! g
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
# c9 S# } O+ v7 D) Iwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
M% v' N$ g) L4 i- u. w5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-( U: `. R3 X# H! g$ U2 D4 T
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 h! T' V& W/ _$ o' \5 F
tives. There were no siblings.
. C9 ]& w3 n" ]* U8 m0 T/ I1 B6 mPhysical Examination7 j2 [6 I* E+ |+ n; t1 S/ Z7 t6 y# Y. o
The physical examination revealed a very active,7 j/ u/ v* O8 t
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; t4 W' L4 h# ]3 L) u
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ E7 V$ v" G% [( w6 F4 C l/ \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" Q/ [) o8 _: C! k
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- K4 C1 U# @ @7 D2 H. gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ L: L6 v7 F3 v
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement. P2 o' n$ {) u) U p
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ e$ v8 g+ c( E/ N! j1 ?enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( i% p) n7 _8 r- _8 M8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ A1 r- [5 m# G2 E/ r! K3 rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, Z' r) A/ P0 i" }5 J, }$ {
5408 {! _) I: e- k4 t( ]( l1 V
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ Z+ w4 } y* t) n. z: P5 Z. dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 S) Q$ `& \. \# ~testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% l1 s, m0 u/ X$ |2 u
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
2 T* d. {! x8 J, {9 D, R% Uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! O$ I" A+ m- @. M1 a( ]/ h
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.: u* a' w1 ~+ e+ ]# V7 h, j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
p. W' ?' S2 \; n' c* ]" fbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 f: Q6 x8 w$ X9 k% f: Q/ p7 f
of papilledema.: M5 n3 Y; \% A- m
Laboratory Evaluation
- X" d; K# Y) f1 o! E& lThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, U% c& b7 R# c/ |8 _, Q2 S( Busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-- z6 J& {% @. H! b+ _8 `5 V. M
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 Q4 y: t+ z- T) h
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 U" f$ l8 i8 G/ ^& P$ N" dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, @: {/ S6 p# u; h0 C2 l' C
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 a7 I# {# `- c; `/ }The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ N4 e* l( v$ Z
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were N8 V7 P& e# ~6 _
within normal range for his age. The concentration4 b3 d( K6 ^8 Q7 e" O) y+ v
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 N& f# F4 m4 [8 S0 o) p4 \- K(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! F8 i; J" A; P. R+ K, g# t5 ^
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 o6 W0 @1 o* k" t* z, ^/ q+ {. gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( `; B) g- U1 c
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
7 I7 i! c1 }# C# `8 j1 o49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
+ B* p' z2 F4 |9 {was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' ]4 c6 V, T+ Q. Gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total+ B8 ?. x2 J. Z9 Q+ U
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( i* U8 m B2 w) k
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
' e! A" a& s" E" o* P& ?: G5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular- `7 D7 q7 W" G; V8 M+ X; A
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
7 c1 w. G4 |; [& e ]: W* vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL& m& u4 ^" W- K% \
(prepubertal).
& k, M) `/ ^( w! v- h* n7 wThe parents were notified about the laboratory7 o _6 ]- A" i0 L2 _$ j- @
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 k: m, |$ z3 c) {6 y
normal except the testosterone level was high. The M! G3 }* S% @' C; Q
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
0 r& s! \! C! q, R6 |0 a, z5 ~obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# K4 |/ |2 o1 L2 ]! U8 Vever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. D1 s; ]5 I& u, N- aPhysical examination at this time revealed that the; _" n5 K _4 Z. n
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained! h# g( t' N- x# M- j3 T, I
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) B2 g* e, T c; c
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. u- W' Z! `* s" a3 S
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( X- L9 j* L. o% M; b- S& _3 k$ |$ f
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- ?* {; y% ]7 u: _7 y1 j9 a8 j( rmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& j$ ?9 n3 n& U1 iThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 N. z% _ `$ n% Oing frequent erections.
7 n. W& e; y$ N4 tBoth parents were again questioned about use of. ?) o. n1 q4 ?0 f5 G5 o* o* ~! H
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! ?/ q" D/ |( X/ g% ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# d/ D* |( j5 O& y5 rTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541# ]7 Q) f& c6 G, a# O# S
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& i8 e/ K9 ` `0 x- i$ m
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- t d' z& H7 S1 s' I$ j9 X
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed Q8 O! ?+ B# ^% x' `" c9 \1 N: ~
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' Z( |& q! R9 N2 q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 ?( @1 Y7 _/ g
secondary to depression.
% G, m. ?/ G8 R3 O* e9 e/ `7 AThe child slept in the same bed with parents./ ^7 s" R4 U0 a |& V
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
! a) y# _4 c% o1 e5 Fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* D& `5 C6 Q. `1 O/ ^3 B- ~nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& b; v' r' M8 I4 Y. J! F1 }6 tThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ a4 b, V& q" y- @when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& f9 O" E1 J" I" k3 C5 h# G, q' owas high, he then read the product information
" V0 b6 }* q, z% [+ N: k! npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-1 C H; B) ^) e1 {1 \0 n+ x) @
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# n0 z. C+ w9 Odecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 {' r* J+ C5 V5 r6 u
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
6 K6 C9 E' Y1 R' N3 x1 X$ i$ xbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) ^3 Y- Z2 E& K5 i; {test was ordered, but the family did not go to the& `7 w1 K& s8 \. R
laboratory to obtain the test.
# C% [+ T& g' `& g+ |) i' sDiscussion
$ l) i3 Q! U/ T4 n0 r ~Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 ] |+ C/ c- y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
T& }5 t1 G Q1 HPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 @% @9 ^2 ]' s8 bit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. k* u# [5 g. S. W( F. lthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 V' \4 P% A/ a8 H/ `
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
$ N `6 e8 [ Y7 P& bmay have a central nervous system lesion that is0 }9 a9 d; L* E! T
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
+ O8 m/ f2 c1 ~8 ~5 ?+ u7 a* I* e+ y/ tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# m% \7 ?. Q6 q" L
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
; N k+ \% P+ q" Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 B2 B4 a" e: p- J: t k; oization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 \! R) N' x& `+ ~: n7 M( ]
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by0 G/ Q `% N$ A
gonadotropins.1,3
3 ~# t, ^* y |1 RGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- U/ `8 y; Q+ Z5 h! E3 [ Ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
3 k2 H4 g" f$ u0 B1 Wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
7 @0 D0 O+ @- T8 Z2 A5 oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ e$ p1 Z; o5 z! T L
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 i' w+ h2 d4 Q, }9 l$ ]% |; S0 x/ C
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive5 X4 o j" [ A* @5 e! T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious; Q3 K/ @9 k8 _$ \
puberty in boys.3,4 u' U6 s/ r: i3 @$ b7 o
The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ Q3 v* q" E. V$ n: H: fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.! [7 h3 o- i4 [7 s
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. M: w# ~1 t( q- u
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely, R' H( o& T+ @9 g5 a
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ I5 k; h' C- B! \/ M6 cexcess.1,3& H+ K. ~8 g# R' U. S
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) b B8 R& k# h- S542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 [1 g- q. n8 g0 A4 A! pA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-3 L* ?' [& [+ P7 W: t3 o5 o
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 F n3 w! }8 W: c6 E' I' Xas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) J- y, S, V* ]
very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 {8 s2 ]" Y1 W( K$ ^" I
with this disorder are full pubertal development,( f5 f1 y4 y2 l" p$ N$ ?/ B; Z' B
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ d4 S: y" {; K$ u: ?/ Y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder0 Z$ {6 N8 a8 V6 Q. m1 N6 f. D1 h6 W
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ v5 ~1 u2 O0 v& Q# l( N4 Zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
! j1 F2 I4 e! ?/ S0 h, M' v* v- s3 Qreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% L5 g ~) Y# m- F. Iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only" a, A+ m" h' d3 }+ t8 K
males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 F/ c. C5 v( Z! V8 V; @' |6 ]8 Jmay have similar precocious puberty.3* r$ S" d! |' c6 ^8 ~3 s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
2 Z. U( l# Z6 E qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. S" L6 Y$ E9 p* M" X8 p
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
1 g& X( m9 j! [7 D$ Hwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
- @$ n1 P1 y5 S& {started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,/ R# b+ ~4 D7 A- ~: n" D$ |
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 r5 S* W2 v7 ^/ Hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. Y) ]/ m; H- kative initial history of androgen exposure, our2 L+ N3 t0 f+ r N8 T$ z
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! O3 j$ f8 u, ^$ h1 [
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. [. x1 m, b, G- x2 Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. d) P5 w! n) q; E: R0 p3 x1 `ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! i! E1 n* D! N4 k1 w1 dThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 B$ `2 h& _9 W% i, y9 ~suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 Z" s8 o" k+ S0 T& Fthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 P" t/ e) u1 a5 Spearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 ]. g; @1 I6 u" X) g8 d. T( kdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-8 R" \7 I1 J" m
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was7 G4 W5 O8 C/ O m( B4 o
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 R/ f7 j5 K/ ?( y3 }
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 I! K( b7 O2 t& i6 f6 |* P
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 ^, E* w3 p2 i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: t3 l/ \7 i, vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
: `- }4 Q) z% S" `9 K% Kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
, y/ ^& \& }, z/ z+ seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
, G* Y3 T. m; Z! O2 v* Q, y: ?partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
8 I* e( g( U& v! g, `4 Y; Y0 Ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented., k. T' b; i/ b8 C
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; Y" `# I1 u% _8 F% t9 gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that1 a' K' H6 ]( u
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ W3 |2 z8 `" a5 A$ a9 A: h7 R6 e
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ y0 d& [( O7 E0 `" s9 yactive in young children exposed to testosterone
/ o1 K/ ~; w' q) Z9 H# yexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 ?: A. p1 d+ r, Z4 P1 |
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 g. P+ p+ @1 u3 o" n' ^+ Y) U6 pvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' F) t" N6 M% V' K* Pchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and8 q( i4 T* K( G, y3 R
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
3 ?* H4 g5 G1 O' {# _; M% XThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during; ^, [; v9 x. S! s1 O
early childhood on pubertal development and final
* B$ z. e* ]6 p w9 eadult height are not fully known and always remain
9 ~! ~3 ~, \& V# g8 f" Y/ x+ Za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ r% k8 x. v; F' }1 V) h. Oterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, d E5 ]. g: n& r& x% Qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after, D$ _7 @: d& R( Q
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
8 ]6 [1 a# B2 I! k, @: c3 |& Sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& |% d. R# N' x% R% [
There are conflicting reports and controversy& W, u. y( `; }, r& j% e
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# p3 G% N+ t+ W% L# Apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal k/ @9 [! L2 F' k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) B) { t( w" lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* e! c9 a$ S; u4 Z# P$ N: z4 \Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 ]( ~0 E* ^- }
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 W' _2 E3 }, Q( Z9 C npenile length in clinical studies. D6 |7 `+ Q9 I" O. ~
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; G# d0 c! y3 Y" t: agoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 w! W, [* V0 [6 Itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because9 b% e ]' N' v# o! j4 {
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
q* _/ f8 }8 T1 ~Although the bone age was advanced at the time of% |" \/ s" P8 C# m2 G
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. F- k- W0 Z9 W, @8 jthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 V0 x$ n8 G$ }, pheight will not be affected.
5 m" N: x! t3 y+ I S2 W: BAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 {( ^& r5 ^ g& C" Lability of androgen products in our society may
- `3 Z+ t, w* J& Yindeed cause more virilization in male or female
. m9 T# }7 g @4 X% ^$ ochildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
1 H) I# h, r1 y- o1 mgen products must be considered and specific ques-
% B# H5 h; |5 {7 \& S* i1 stioning about the use of a testosterone product or K9 m% E& Q n; s6 N8 Q6 t
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 x s6 V% R2 U( k) othe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
9 w4 `" E2 I8 a* W+ g6 {ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. \+ X! y \* [0 X9 c, Knosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 A$ q+ ^7 `6 i. q* V
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ @, D% J: M' l# h) R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) \0 F' ^- E/ a; `3 e: e
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' G' C- k$ ~) b$ t$ y/ \0 h# R
investigation. The primary care physician should be4 d. p9 v1 j* E& K3 k/ W4 _
aware of this fact, because most of these children
- _/ n* L( Y: k3 tmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’: s( C3 {7 _& X
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 ^. k; A; }: z S3 m3 W) \warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 }. |. y1 |" R& O/ a4 rfemale child who might come in contact with some-# P7 R" a) m Z2 O2 `5 V
one using any of these products.
. D3 h" e& M9 O) aReferences
8 q; c2 \) f5 J1 j3 J% {) g1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* _; w B3 P7 N$ V- i: L, Dand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 Z# c* x( E& @7 e" DEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: L1 @8 w- ~& Y( N) [
2002: 565-628.
( q& k4 ~! Z& _* k$ Y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
8 K n" e' E8 g$ Y- jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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